1, Discussion on Meeting Surrender

At this time, Cao Cao wrote to Sun Quan and said, "Recently, I have been ordered by the Son of Heaven to crack down on guilty traitors. The flag pointed south, and Liu Cong surrendered. Today, I command 800,000 people in the water army and will hunt with the generals in Wudi. " Sun Quan showed this letter to his men, and they were all frightened. Zhang Zhao, a long history, and others said, "Cao Cao is a wolf, a tiger and a leopard. He always gives orders in the name of the imperial court."

It would be even more unfortunate if we resisted today. Besides, the general can rely on the natural barrier of the Yangtze River to resist Cao Cao. Now Cao Cao has occupied the land of Jingzhou, and the water army trained by Liu Biao, including thousands of Meng Chong warships, has been taken away by Cao Cao. Cao Cao planned that all ships would go down the river, and with the infantry, they would go hand in hand.

In this way, the natural barrier of the Yangtze River has been owned by Cao Cao and us, and the strength of both sides cannot be compared. Therefore, in our humble opinion, it is best to greet Cao Cao and surrender to the court. "Only Lu Su said nothing.

Sun Quan got up from the toilet and Lu Su chased him under the eaves. Knowing what Lu Su meant, Sun Quan shook Lu Su's hand and said, "What are you trying to say?" Lu Su said: "I just observed what everyone said just now, just to delay the generals, and it was not enough to discuss major issues with them.

Now, people like this greet Cao Cao, but the general can't. Why do you say that? Now I welcome Cao Cao, who will definitely hand me over to the elders in the village to evaluate and determine my position. He will also be a servant of Cao Cao. He can ride an ox cart, be followed by government troops, make friends with literati, and be promoted step by step to be the chief executive of a state and a county.

But where is the general going to settle down and meet Cao Cao? I hope the general can plan ahead and not listen to those people's opinions. "Sun Quan said with a sigh," what these people said really disappointed me. Now, the strategy you elaborated is just as I thought. "

2. Sun Quan sent his troops.

At that time, Zhou Yu was ordered to arrive in Fanyang, and Lu Su advised Sun Quan to recall. When Zhou Yu arrived, he said to Sun Quan, "Although Cao Cao was nominally the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, he was actually a thief and minister of the Han Dynasty. With the talent of SHEN WOO heroes and the legacy of his father and brother, this general ruled Jiangdong, and his area was thousands of miles. There are enough elite soldiers and heroes are willing to work. They should take the world as an example and do everything for the Han Dynasty.

Besides, Cao Cao himself came to die. How can he meet the surrender? Please allow me to analyze for the general: Now the north has not been completely settled, and Ma Chao and Han Sui are still stationed in the west of Hanguguan, which is Cao Cao's future trouble. But Cao Cao abandoned the pommel horse and took a boat instead, competing with Jiangdong people who grew up in the water town. It's cold now, and horses are short of forage. Moreover, if soldiers in the Central Plains are driven to rivers, lakes and seas for a long journey, diseases and epidemics will inevitably occur.

These aspects are the bane of fighting, and Cao Cao acted rashly. It was today that the general seized Cao Cao's opportunity. I asked to lead tens of thousands of elite soldiers into Xiakou to ensure that I could defeat Cao as a general. Sun Quan said, "Cao Cao, an old thief, has long wanted to abolish the Emperor of Han Dynasty and usurp the throne alone. I am afraid of Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, Lu Bu, Liu Biao and me. Now, those heroes have been wiped out, and only I still exist. I am at odds with the old thief.

You stand against Cao Jun, which is exactly what I want. God gave you to me! Sun Quan drew his sword and slashed at the case before him, saying, "This is the case of the generals and officials who dare to surrender to Cao Cao!" So the meeting was cancelled.

That evening, Zhou Yu went to see Sun Quan again, saying, "Everyone only saw Cao Cao's letter saying that there was water and the army was 800,000. They were all frightened. It's outrageous. They stopped analyzing reality and put forward the idea of surrendering to Cao Cao. Now let's calculate according to the facts, the Central Plains army led by Cao Cao is only 150,000 to 60,000, and it has long been exhausted. Liu Biao's newly recruited troops, with a maximum of 70,000 to 80,000 people, are still suspicious.

Using tired foot soldiers to control suspicious ministries, although there are many people, there is nothing to be afraid of. As long as I have 50 thousand chosen men, it will be enough to subdue the enemy I hope the general doesn't worry! "Sun Quan patted Zhou Yu on the back and said," Zhou Gongjin, what you said is just to my liking.

Zhang Zhao, others, each caring for his wife and children, all have selfishness, which makes me very disappointed. Only you, Lu Su and I have the same opinion. This is because God sent you two to help me. It is difficult to assemble 50 thousand soldiers at the moment, and 30 thousand has been chosen. Warships, hay and weapons and equipment are all ready. You and Lu Su and Cheng Puxian led the troops. I will continue to assemble troops and transport more trench and grain as your backup.

If we can defeat Jun, we will make a decisive decision. If you lose, come back to me, and I will fight Cao Cao. "So, Sun Quan appointed Zhou Yu and Cheng Pu as the left and right governors, each with more than 10,000 people, and joined forces with Liu Bei to fight against Cao Cao; He also appointed Lu Su as a captain of Zanjun to help plan the strategy. ?

3. Sun Liu He Bing

Liu Bei was stationed in Fankou and sent scouts to watch Sun Quan's army by the river every day. When the soldiers saw Zhou Yu's fleet, they immediately rode back to camp and reported to Liu Bei. Liu Bei sent someone to watch over the elderly. Zhou Yu said to the comforter, "I have a military mission, and I can't appoint someone else as my agent." If Liu Bei can condescend to see me, it will really meet my wish. " Liu Bei went to see Zhou Yu by boat and said, "It is a wise decision to resist Cao Cao now.

I wonder how many soldiers there are. Zhou Yu said, "Thirty thousand people." Liu Bei said, "It's a pity that there are too few." Zhou Yu said, "That's enough. General, watch me defeat Cao Jun. "Liu Bei wanted to ask Lu Su and others to talk to him. Zhou Yu said: "Never entrust an agent to accept military orders at will. If you want to see Lu Su, you can visit him another time. " Liu Bei was ashamed and happy, so he led Guan Yu and Zhang Fei to follow Zhou Yu, not under his command. ?

In the same year1February, Cheng Pu and Zhou Yu were appointed as the left and right governors respectively, and together with Liu Beijun, they formed Sun Liulian Army. Sun and Liu went upstream to Chibi and were crossing the river. At that time, Cao Jun had been affected by the plague, but it was difficult for the newly compiled water army to run in with the newly affiliated Jingzhou water army, and the morale was obviously insufficient. The first battle was defeated by Zhou Yu's water army.

Cao Cao had to "lead the water army to the north of the Yangtze River" to meet the army, lean the warships to the Wulin side on the north shore, practice the water army, and wait for the opportunity. Zhou Yu docked the warship at Chibi on the south bank, facing Cao Jun across the river. ?

4. Burn Chibi

At that time, Cao Cao was not used to the northern foot soldiers taking a boat, so he connected the boat end to end, and both men and women were on board. Zhou Yu said to Huang Gai: "Now that we are outnumbered, it is difficult to stay at loggerheads for a long time.

Cao Jun will warships end to end, can use fire to attack and defeat Cao Jun .. "So, ten Meng Chong warships were selected, loaded with dry jackals and dry firewood, oiled inside, wrapped in curtains outside, and hung with flags. The speedboat was prepared in advance and tied to the stern. Huang Gai first sent a letter to Cao Cao, falsely claiming that he intended to surrender.

On the day of pretending to surrender, Huang Gai prepared dozens of Meng Chong and bucket boats, filled with firewood and oil, disguised with a red curtain for external use, put a tooth flag on it, and tied Ge to the back of the boat. Huang Gai then ordered the firewood to be lit, and at the same time he became very angry. The burning fleet flew forward quickly in the wind and rushed to Cao Ying. On the way, Huang Gai was unfortunately dropped into the water by the flow vector. When rescued, Wu Jun didn't recognize Huang Gai and put him on the toilet bed.

Huang Gai only shouted for Han Dang himself. When Han Dang found him, he unbuttoned his clothes with tears, which saved his life. At that time, the southeast wind was turbulent and the fire was fierce, which destroyed all the warships in Cao Jun and spread to Cao Jun's camp on land. In an instant, smoke and fire enveloped the sky, and countless Cao Jun people were burned to death or drowned.

Zhou Yu, led by light soldiers, followed closely, and the drums were deafening. They marched forward bravely and Cao Jun was defeated. Cao Cao led a great army to retreat on foot from Huarong Road, but it was muddy, the road was impassable and the wind blew again. Cao Cao asked all the old and weak soldiers to spread grass on the road, but the cavalry barely passed. The old, weak and disabled soldiers were trampled by horses, trapped in the mud and died a lot. Cao Jun died of hunger and disease. ?

Zhou Yu and Liu Bei's army went hand in hand, chasing after them all the way, but it was too late.

In this battle, many Cao Jun people were burned to death, but most of them died of hunger and disease. After Cao Cao returned to Jiangling, he was afraid of losing Chibi and making the regime in the rear unstable. Cao Ren and Huang Xu were ordered to guard Nanjun and Wen Pin to guard Jiangxia. So Yue Jin was ordered to guard Xiangyang, and Man Chong was the general, and he stayed in Dangyang. Sun and Liu joined forces to win the victory in Battle of Red Cliffs.

Extended data:

Before Chibi, Cao Cao had great advantages: first, Cao Cao's "obeying the emperor and ordering the princes not to obey" (opponents of Cao Cao called it "relying on the emperor to order the princes"), and other princes naturally could not compete in political orthodoxy; Second, Cao Cao went south with the army he had just won, and his spirit was self-sufficient; Third, Cao Cao's strength is several times that of Sun and Liu.

However, since Cao Cao has such an advantage, the record of Sun Liu's joint army is even more brilliant. In this battle, Sun advanced the length of the water war and skillfully attacked people with fire, which is a famous example in the history of China.

1, timing

The defeat of Cao Cao in Chibi, traditional historians emphasize his pride in underestimating his enemy. For example, Zhang Zuoyao's Biography of Cao Cao said: "Cao Cao is extremely excited and easily carried away by victory." Cao Cao didn't take advantage of the victory to completely defeat Liu Bei and missed the fighter plane.

Zhan believes that Cao Cao sighed after his defeat: "Guo Fengxiao will not be alone here." It refers to lamenting that when Guo Jia attacked yuan brothers, he did not adopt the strategy of "stalemate in haste, and struggle for heart in haste", so Cao Cao had to wait for the change of the alliance between Sun and Liu.

2. Epidemics

But traditional comments generally don't explore what epidemic is prevalent. Cao Cao blamed the failure on illness. He wrote to Sun Quan, saying, "Battle of Red Cliffs, who is seriously ill, burned his boat alone and settled for the second best, making Zhou Yuxi famous all over the world." In Biography of Jiang Biao, Chen Shou also mentioned many times that there is an epidemic in Cao Jun.

Li Yousong's article "Discussion on the Relationship between Cao Cao's defeat in Chibi and Schistosomiasis" points out that the reason for Cao Cao's defeat in Battle of Red Cliffs is "disease"-acute schistosomiasis. The battlefield in Battle of Red Cliffs was precisely the area where schistosomiasis was seriously prevalent at that time, and it was the infection season of schistosomiasis at that time.

Battle of Red Cliffs starts in winter, but Cao Jun is on the move, and the training time is in autumn. Jun was infected with schistosomiasis before the war in Battle of Red Cliffs, and it took more than a month to get sick, which made him exhausted and vulnerable in the war. However, Liu and Sun's troops have been engaged in production and life in schistosomiasis endemic areas for a long time, and the soldiers have more or less developed immunity.

However, this view is also flawed. Cao Cao's water army mainly comes from Jingzhou water army, and the main force of the army comes from the north. The immunity of Jingzhou soldiers to schistosomiasis should be similar to that of Sun and Liu Lianjun, so it should be other diseases.

3. Climate

In the book History of Cao Cao's Hegemony Management written by Chen Wende published in Liu Yuan, this paper analyzes the reasons for Cao Cao's defeat, mainly the southeast wind.

Cao Cao used soldiers like gods. As the saying goes, "Speak of the devil, and he will arrive", that is, Cao Cao fought like wind and invaded like fire. Liu Bei abandoned the army in Xuzhou because he was unprepared, and he encountered a similar situation before the Chibi War in Jingzhou. Due to Cao Cao's cautious use of troops, Zhou Yu may have concealed a climate fact because of the defeat of Chibi.

There are shogunate mountains in the southeast of Chibi and Yunmeng osawa in the northwest of Wulin. At night after the weather clears up, due to the rapid heat dissipation in mountainous areas and the slow heat dissipation in lakes, the temperature difference convection may blow the land wind and sinking wind to the southeast, from the cold mountainous areas (southeast) to the warm lakes (northwest). In winter, the wind blowing against the southeast terrain was unexpected by Cao Cao, who grew up in the north, and became a favorable place for people who grew up along the Yangtze River.

4. Frontline

Another strategic mistake of Cao Jun is that the front is too concentrated. Cao Cao concentrated the army forces to fight against Dongwu in one direction in Wulin, so that Dongwu could use its geographical position and the advantages of the water army to repel it in one fell swoop. Once Cao Jun was attacked by gunfire, the whole army was wiped out.

Since then, Cao Wei failed to win several times when he went south, until the Western Jin Dynasty adopted the strategy of dividing troops into multiple channels, which made him neglect the other side from beginning to end and gave full play to his military superiority to overwhelm his opponent, thus defeating Wu.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Battle of Red Cliffs