As early as 5,000 years ago, China had formed a surname, which gradually developed and passed down from generation to generation. Of these hundreds of surnames, 70% came from Yanshi, Luoyang.
"Surname" is a word in modern Chinese, but before Qin and Han Dynasties, surnames and surnames were obviously different. Surnames originated from matriarchal society, and the same surname indicates the blood relationship of the same matriarchal family. Most of the earliest surnames in China came from the female side, such as Ji, Jiang, Yao, Yi, Gui, etc., indicating that this is a clan group handed down by some different old grandmothers. The generation of surnames is the result of determining the blood relationship according to the paternal line, which is only possible when the paternal system is established.
"Guoyu Yujin" records: "In the past, I married Yougao and gave birth to Huangdi and Yan Di. The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of Jiang Shui. Cheng is different from virtue, so the Yellow Emperor is the discipline, Yan Emperor is the ginger, and the two emperors help each other with their teachers, so they are different from virtue. "
Therefore, when we read "Huangdi, Xuanyuan, Ji" and "Yan Di, Lieshan and Ginger", we can understand that the Chinese nation * * * and the ancestor Yanhuang originally belonged to two tribes or tribal alliances organized by matriarchal blood relationship, one surnamed Jiang and the other surnamed Ji, and they had the surname Lieshan respectively, indicating their patriarchal clan leaders. The strict distinction between surnames and surnames and their simultaneous use shows that matriarchal system has given way to patriarchy, but the influence of matriarchal society still exists, which gradually disappeared after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
Hundreds of surnames have a history of more than 1000 years, and they have been widely circulated in China since the Northern Song Dynasty in 10 century.
Who created hundreds of surnames? When did it take shape? When will it be published? These questions remain a mystery until today. According to the textual research of scholars with written records in Ming and Qing Dynasties, hundreds of surnames existed as early as before the Song Dynasty. In the early Song Dynasty, it was edited and bound by an unknown Confucian scholar in wuyue (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang).
Lu You (A.D. 1 12 10), a famous patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, mentioned hundreds of surnames for the first time in his poem Autumn Rain. The poet pointed out in his notes that his inspiration came from two books, one is Zhazi and the other is Hundred Family Names. It can be seen that hundreds of surnames began to spread as early as before the Song Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, the royal family surnamed Zhao, and in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, wang xing Qian was the State of Wu Yue. A scholar in Song Dynasty believed that Sun was the surname of wives and concubines in Song Dynasty and Li was the surname of rulers in Southern Tang Dynasty. This is the prelude of hundreds of surnames-the origin of the order of "a thousand grandchildren and Zhao Li".
At present, the earliest printed "Hundred Family Names" was published in the Yuan Dynasty (A.D.14th century), based on the correspondence between Chinese characters and Mongolian characters in pronunciation and strokes. However, the Yuan version was not complete, and the long-standing hundred surnames were not completely included until the Ming Dynasty. A total of 438 surnames were recorded, including 408 single surnames, 102 line, 38 compound surnames, and 15 line. The last line is the end of the hundred surnames, that is, the end of the hundred surnames. It consists of lines 1 18, and * * * has 472 words.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was another book about hundred surnames-Augmented Hundred Surnames, in which 444 single surnames and 60 compound surnames were recorded, and the conclusion was Preface to Hundred Surnames.
The existing version of the Qing dynasty has words and pictures, and the names of historical celebrities and their families, as well as his images, are recorded at the top of each page; The lower part of each page is a short sentence consisting of four words or surnames, which reads like four ancient poems.
Hundreds of surnames have been revised several times in the past, such as Huangzhou surname revised in the late Ming Dynasty, Yu Baijia surname revised by Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, and Baijia surname III revised by Ding Yan in the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty (A.D.1851-kloc-0/861). These hundreds of revised surnames have spent a lot of effort on the presentation format, and each one has its own characteristics. Nevertheless, they can't replace manuscripts, which reflects the profound influence of manuscripts on later creation.
"Hundred Family Surnames" is not only widely circulated among Han people, but also among ethnic minorities who have friendly contacts with Han people, such as Mongolian surnames and Jurchen surnames. This shows the far-reaching influence of hundreds of surnames.
In Chinese surname culture, Hundred Family Names is the longest and most widely circulated textbook in China. It was written and popularized earlier than Saint Amethyst. Hundreds of Family Names was originally an educational book compiled by a scholar in Qiantang (Hangzhou) in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty. Common surnames are compiled into a four-character poem, much like a four-character poem. Although its content is not artistic, it is easy to read, learn and remember. According to the textual research of Wang Mingqing, a scholar in the Southern Song Dynasty, the arrangement of the first few surnames in Hundred Surnames is exquisite. For example, Zhao refers to Zhao and Song, and since it is the surname of the monarch, it should be the first; Followed by Qian, Qian is the surname of King Wu Yue of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries; Sun was the surname of Princess Ganchu at that time; Li is the king of Southern Tang Dynasty, so is Li. Together with Three Amethyst and Qian Wen Zi, it has become a fixed teaching material of ancient Mongolian studies in China, which has been spread to this day and has far-reaching influence. Familiar with it, both ancient and modern benefits.
The origin of surnames has many forms and is developing constantly. It is very complicated to share the same surname with different sources, or to share the same surname with different surnames. Hundreds of surnames collected 4 1 1 surnames earlier, and later increased to more than 500. However, it is reported that experts who study surnames can collect thousands of surnames from ancient and modern documents, including uncommon surnames. As time goes by, new surnames keep appearing. For example, when naming a child, two monosyllabic surnames of men and women are taken to synthesize a compound surname, adding new members to the surname "family".
Hundreds of Surnames originally received 4 1 1 surnames, supplemented by 504 surnames, including 444 single surnames and 60 compound surnames.
Hundred surname songs
Qian Sun Zheng Wang Chu Yang He Shi Lv Zhang
Kong Caoyan Huajin Tao Wei Jiang Qi Xie Zou Baiyushui Zhang Dou Su Yun Pange Xi Fan Lang Peng
Lu Weichang Ma Hua Ren Yuan Doctor Tang Fei Liancenhe
Teng Bi 'an is always happy, while Fu Pi is always happy.
Talking about Song Maopang with Mu, Yao Shaozhan, Wang Qimaoyu, Bei Ming and Fu Chengdai
Xiong Jishu Qu Xiang wished Du Min Lu Lou Guo.
Mei Diao Qiu Luo Gao Xia Cai Tian fan huo zhi ke Zan Guan Lu Mo
Fang Jing Qiu Miao Gan Jie Yingzong Ding Xuanben Deng Yu Dan Hanghong Zhu Bao Zuo Cui Shi Ji Niu Gong
Cheng Yuanxing Pei Hua Lu Rong Weng Xun Yu Yang Hui Zhen Yi Jiafeng Yi Ruijin Chu Jitai Mi Song
In the well section, the rich woman is grazing in the valley, and the car of the whole class is waiting to go to Zhong Yi Palace in Yang Qiu.
Ning Qiuluan Li Luo Wu Rongzu Liu Fu Shu Xing Si Shao Ji Bo
Su Bai Huai Pu Tai Cong E Suo Xianji Lai Zhuo Meng Chiqiao is gloomy, intelligent and pale.
"Wen Xin Dang Zhai Tan Gong Lao Pei Ji Shen" helped to block Ran Yong and Sang Guipu Niu Shoutong.
Bian Hu Yan Ji Yong Pu Shang Nong Wen Bie Zhuang Yan Chai Chong Mu Lian Ru Huanrong
Gu Xiang Shenyige Liao Yu Zhongji Bureau Hengbu Dugeng Manhong Kuangguo Wenkouguang Road is short of east.
I defeated Gong Jie Nie Chaogou Aorong, the Kwai Stone of Wali Yuewei Long. He was cold and sincere, and that Jane was a spare.
Once Wu Sha raised Ju Xufeng's nest and closed the door. After investigation, Jing Hong went to visit Zhu Quan to shield Huan Gong.
Sima Shangguan Ouyang Xiahou Zhuge blasted into the East Helian Huangfu Weichi Ram.
A surname Ye Gong Zong Zheng Puyang Chunyu Khan Shu Tai Shen Tu Gongsun Zhong Sun Xuanyuan Hu Ling
Li Zhong, the grandson of Yuwen Murong Xian, filed a lawsuit with Stuart Sikong in Qiu Yan and took charge of the car.
Zhuan Sun Duanmu Wuma Gong Xi Qi Diao Lezheng Loam Gong Liang Tuoba Jia Gu Zaifu Gu Liang
Yan fa ru Yan tu Qin Duan gan Li Bai dong Guo south gate Hu Yan GUI hai sheep tongue slightly born
After Yue Shuai was prosperous, there was a piano. Zuo Qiu, Liang Qiu, East Gate, West Gate, Shang Bo Nangong.
"Love for Toarey Yang in the Last Year" The fifth word of Toarey Yang's love for Yang is that every family has its own problems.
The order of hundreds of surnames
A new research supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China shows that the new ranking of "100 surnames" in China has just come out.
The new order is:
Wang, Li, Zhang, Liu, Chen, Yang, Huang, Zhao, Zhou, Wu, Xu, Sun, Zhu, Ma, Hu, Guo, Lin, He, Gao, Liang, Zheng, Luo, Song, Xie, Tang, Han, Cao, Xu, Deng, Xiao, Feng, Zeng. Xue, Hou, Lei, Bai, Long, Duan, Hao, Kong, Shao, Shi, Mao, Chang, Wan, Gu, Lai, Wu, Kang, He, Yan, Yin, Qian, Shi, Niu, Hong, Gong and Qi.
The Origin of "Hundred Family Names"
1. Introduction to Hundred Family Names.
When it comes to surnames, people are naturally familiar with hundreds of surnames. Because it, together with the sacred amethyst and Youxue Qionglin, was included in the enlightenment books for children in the old days.
Hundred Surnames, with the name of "Hundred Surnames", has 408 real surnames, 30 compound surnames and 438 * *.
In China, a big family of China people, there are more than 438 surnames, even the surnames of Han people are more than this. It is said that there are as many as 5600 surnames in the literature. There are not only single surnames, compound surnames, but also three-character surnames. Four-character surnames and five-character surnames. In addition, some ethnic groups have no surnames, such as the Dai people.
Hundreds of surnames begin with Zhao, not because Zhao is the most popular surname in the world, but because it was written by Qiantang Confucian scholars in the Song Dynasty. The emperor of the Song Dynasty was Zhao, "Zhao: naturally became" the first surname in the world "; If you don't rank first, you will commit the crime of bullying the monarch, which will lead to disaster. The descendants of Yue in Song Dynasty lived in Zhejiang, so the surname of Qian was the second, the concubine of Qian was the grandson, and the grandson was the third. The surname "Li" ranks fourth, probably because the royal family in the Southern Tang Dynasty is Li.
2./kloc-the origin of 0/6 kinds of "hundred surnames".
First, take the totem worship object rented first as the surname.
Some experts and scholars believe that some of China's hundreds of surnames have evolved from totems, such as bear, horse, ox, sheep, dragon, phoenix, mountain, water, flower and leaf. But unfortunately, this is just some speculation. Due to the age, there is no evidence to test in prehistoric times, and I don't know which surnames originated from totem worship. Because today's surnames such as "bear", "horse", "cow", "dragon" and "flower" can be found in history books and legends, but they have nothing to do with totems. The Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the land of Zhuolu, and once cited "bear, black, raccoon, raccoon and tiger". These "bears, scorpions, raccoons and tigers" may be the names of totem clans. However, it is difficult to find out which of these clan names have been handed down and become the surnames of their descendants.
According to the well-documented book Guoyu Yujin, "In the past, I married a surname and gave birth to Huangdi and Yan Di. The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of Jiang Shui. Cheng is different from virtue, so the Yellow Emperor is the discipline, Yan Emperor is the ginger, and the two emperors help each other with their teachers, so they are different from virtue. "
Emperor Yan (Shennong) is the son of Shaodian. Because he grew up on the bank of Weihe River, he took Jiang as his surname.
The Yellow Emperor (Xuanyuan) is the son of Shaodian, named Ji because he grew up on the bank of Jishui River.
You Jiang (Cheba) and Qiang (Qiang) have different rhymes, but their pronunciation is similar. And both words have the prefix "sheep". A sheep from a woman and a sheep from a man. Judging from the composition of the word "Qiang", Qiang is a "sheep man". In the late ancient times, Qiang people lived in the north of China, and the totem of their tribe or clan might be sheep. Jiang nationality is a branch of Qiang nationality. Probably because of a phonetic error, the Qiang nationality was changed to the Jiang nationality. Perhaps because of the influence of matriarchal clan, the "person" under the sheep became the "woman" under the sheep. It is no accident that Emperor Yan took "Jiang" as his surname. Emperor Yan was the leader of the clan and tribe of the ancient Qiang nationality. Emperor Yan; A branch of the ancient Qiangrong tribe headed by the Yellow Emperor, originally living in Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai, merged with Dongyi and other tribes in the process of entering the Central Plains eastward and became the predecessor of the Han nationality-Huaxia.
Second, surnames are based on the strength of words in ancestral names.
During Zi 'an's Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Lingwang had a son who was named "Nianfu Prince" (Nianfu should be his name, while the prince showed his identity, such as childe and Gongsun). The descendants of Nianfu take Nianzi as their surname.
Bear, one of the five ancient emperors, has Zhuan Xu (Nao Xu, Ji surname). Later, when Li was rewarded by the emperor, he served as a fire official and was given the title of "Zhu Rong's" by the emperor. * * * Gong Shi insurrection, Zhu Rong was ordered to counter-insurgency. Although the rebellion was put down, Zhu Rong did not wipe out all the members of Gong Shi, so he was convicted and put to death by Yu Di. After Zhu Rong's death, his brother Ng Wui served as a fire officer, still known as Zhu Rong.
Stone. Wu Hui has a son named Lv Zhong, who married the sister of the head of the haunted house family and gave birth to eight sons. The sixth one is Ji Lian.
Niu: After Zhengzi in the Western Zhou and Song Dynasties, there was a shepherd. Niu Wen. Niu Wen later took the word "Niu" as his surname.
Fish: It comes from the surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Song Xianggong's younger brother was "Sima Yuzi" (Sima was an official position and Yu Zi was a Chinese character). Later generations took their fish as their surname.
Jing: During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a doctor named Jing Bo. Jing Bo takes his word "Jing" as his surname. After the fall of Jin, Jing Bo's descendant Jing fled to Thailand. Qin Mugong took Jingxi as a doctor, gave the city "Bailixi" and named Jingxi "Bailixi". I bought it in a hundred miles, and I still take "Jing" as my surname.
Grazing: In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor took "Li Mu" as the phase. Li Mu's descendants took the word "animal husbandry" as their surname.
Finally: In ancient times, the son of Zhu Rong's brother Ng Wui (later called Zhu Rong's family) was "Lu Zhong". Some of Lu Zhong's descendants took the word "final" as their surname.
Chang: In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor took "Chang Xian" as the phase. The descendants of Chang Xian take the word "Chang" as their surname.
Kong: Last name. Zhou Wuwang sealed the merchant Wei Zi in the Song Dynasty, and Wei Yu inherited the fief from his brother Zhong You after his death. After Zhongyan, there was a great-grandson named Jia, whose name was Confucius. Mu, his son, took the word "Kong" as his surname and settled in Shandong.
Lian: Zhuan Xu's great-grandson was named Lian, and later generations took Lian as their surname.
Le: I gave my son's surname. The son of the Song Dynasty took the word "Le" as his father, and later generations took the word "Le" as their surname.
Pi: There was a doctor named Fan Zhongpi in Zhou, and his descendants took the word "Pi" in their ancestors' names as their surnames.
G: Because of Jiang's surname. Qi Wengong is taller than his son. Later generations took the word "Gao" in Gongzi Gao as their surname.
Third, take the fief name and country name as surnames.
Song: From the surname of Zi. According to the Book of the Tang Dynasty: Descendants of Prime Ministers, after the Duke of Zhou put down the Wukang Rebellion in the 10th century BC, Wei, his flat brother, was sealed in the Song State, and his capital was Shangqiu (in the south of Shangqiu County, Henan Province). In 286 BC, the State of Song was destroyed by the State of Qi. His grandson took the original country name "Song" as his surname.
Zhao: A descendant of Boyi, Zhao Fu trained a horse. Zhou Muwang often travels around in a carriage driven by Zhao Fu. If something happens to the DPRK, Zaofu will drive the horses and chariots back in time with skillful driving skills. Zhao Fu was sealed in Zhao (north of Zhao City, Hongtong County, Shanxi Province) for riding a horse, and later took "Zhao" as his surname.
Wu: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Wuwang sealed Zhong Yong's great-grandson in Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) and established the State of Wu. Their descendants take the country name as their surname.
Zheng: Because of Ji's surname. Three letters in the weekly calendar were written by friends in Zheng (east of hua county, Shaanxi), and the State of Zheng was established. The descendants of friends take "Zheng" as their surname.
Chen: After the destruction of business, Sun Manchen (Huaiyang, Henan) pursued the wind and shunza. Posthumous title was rich in Guangxi, and later generations took Chen as their surname.
W: Because of Ji's surname. Take uncle Mo and uncle Sun as their surname.
Jiang: Because of Ji's surname. The son of Zhou Feng, Gan Boling, was Jiang (now northeast of Gushi County), who founded Jiang Guo and later took the country name as his surname.
Shen: Because of Ji's surname. His son was bribed to build a country in Shen (north of Pingyu County, Henan Province), and later took the country name as his surname.
H: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Wuwang's youngest son was sealed in North Korea (northeast of Hejin County, Shanxi Province) and was destroyed by the State of Jin. Uncle Huan's son Wan was sealed in North Korea. Wan's descendants took the surname.
Qin: I won my last name. After Boyi, there is a winner. Zhou is not good at breeding good horses. Filial piety is a vassal state for its meritorious service in raising horses. Qin Zhong, the grandson of Fei Zi, was promoted to a vassal for his meritorious service. Qin unified the world and established the Qin Dynasty. After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, his grandson changed his surname to Qin Wei.
Xu: Because of Jiang's surname, he is a descendant of Shennong. Zhou Wuwang conferred the title of Uncle Seo Woo and established Guo Xu. Later, he took the country name as his surname.
Lu: Because of Jiang's surname, he is a descendant of Shennong. Being the master and the post-doctrine, he helped Dayu to control the water, and was sealed in Lu for his merits. Later, he took the country name as his surname.
Qi: His father was Doctor Wei, and his fief was in the northeast of Dongfeng, Ruyang County, Henan Province. granddaughter
Father Lin's grandson takes the city name as his surname.
Xie: Xie (south of Tangxian County, Henan Province) was named Shen Hou, and one of Shen Hou's descendants took his fief as his surname. .
Zou: Cao had a fief in Zhu in the Zhou Dynasty and was named Zou in the Warring States Period. One of his descendants took the country name as his surname.
Bai: Yes. Bai Zhao is the master of Emperor Yan, and the other is the master of Di Ku. His son and grandson took Bai (southeast of Wuyang County, Henan Province) as their surname, and later took the name of fief.
Zhang: Jiang's surname. Name the illegitimate child Guo (East of Dongping County, Shandong Province). The descendants of Qi Huangong's illegitimate child were sealed in the state of Yan and went to town as their surname.
Su: Fan, the youngest son of Zhuan Xu's descendants, was sealed in Kunwu, and Fan's illegitimate son was sealed in Su (wen county, Henan). Later, he took the country name as his surname.
Pam: My fifteenth son is named Gao. He was named Bi and Bi Gaogong. Hua was sealed in Pan, and later took the fief as his surname.
G: I can't win. Zhuan Xu was later sealed in Ge (northeast of Ningling County, Henan Province). Later, the fief was taken as the surname.
Fan: There was a doctor named Du Bo. His son Du was demoted to the State of Jin and was named Tai Wei. He takes the official name as his surname.
Peng: Qian keng, the third son of Zhuan Xu descendant Lv Zhong, was given the surname by Peng (a native of Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and later generations took Peng as their surname.
Lu: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Gongdan's Er Gambo bird was sealed in Lu State (Qufu, Shandong Province) and established Lu State. Children who are afraid of eating take the country name as their surname.
W: From Levi's. Xia lived in the southeast of hua county, Henan, and was a vassal all the way, also known as the founding of the People's Republic of China. Wei Jun's descendants take the country as their surname.
Miao: The King of Chu ordered Yin to confront the pursuit of Jin. The blocked Miao Yi (southwest of Jiyuan County, Henan Province). Huang Wenbin, also known as Miao Huang Wenbin,
Later generations took Miao as their surname.
Ren: Out of Xiong's house. The son of the Yellow Emperor was appointed as the surname.
Liu: The son of the public is exhibiting, and the grandson of the son's exhibition is fearless in the name of his grandfather. Zhan Wu's son is an exhibitor. The fief of the exhibition bird is Liu Xia. After his death, he won the honor. Therefore, they were all called Liu Xiahui, and their descendants took the first word "Liu Xia" as their surname.
Fourth, take occupation or official position as the surname.
Situ: In ancient times, it was said that the official name had been established in the Yao and Shun period and lasted until the Qin and Han Dynasties. Anyone who takes this official position as the surname is the compound surname "Situ".
Sikong: It is said that this is an official post established in ancient times, which is responsible for the construction of water conservancy projects worldwide. Dayu's official position was common during the reign of Emperor Yao. Among the descendants of Dayu, some people take this as their surname.
Sima: The official post established in ancient times was a military commander. Once a descendant of the official Sima, some took this official as their surname.
Fifth, take the name of mountains and rivers as the surname.
Joe: Because of the bear family. After the death of the Yellow Emperor, he was buried in Qiao Shan. Among the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, there are those who guard the mausoleum, so the name of Lingshan: "Bridge" is the surname, and later generations take wood as "Joe".
Jiang: It belongs to Shennong. Emperor Yan Shennong lived in Jiang Shui, a tributary of Weihe River, so he took Weihe River as his surname. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal countries such as Qi, Shen, Lu and Xu all took Jiang as their surname.
Sixth, take the residence as the surname.
Dong Guo: Because of Jiang's surname. Guo, the city wall built by ancient people on the outskirts of the city, Dongguo, is close to the east wall of the outer city. Some descendants of Qi Huangong lived in the east and west of Linzi, and were called Doctor Dongguo. Later generations took Dong as their surname.
East gate: Chu Ji's surname. Duke Zhuang of Lu was named Gongzi Sui and Xiang Zhong. He lives next to the East Gate of Qufu City, and is called East Gate Xiang Zhong. After that, take Dongmen as the surname.
Simon: During the Spring and Autumn Period, both the State of Qi and the State of Zheng had public doctors who lived near the west gate of the capital, and some descendants took Simon as their surname.
Seventh, take the tribal name as the surname.
Huyan: During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Huyan Department of Xiongnu entered the Central Plains; Later, his descendants in China took Huyan, the name of the original tribe, as their surname.
Murong: During the Three Kingdoms period, Mo, the leader of Xianbei nationality, led his troops to move to western Liaoning and then to the north (Changli County, Hebei Province). After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Mohubao took Murong as his family name. People in the post-Murong tribe take Murong as their surname.
Yuwen: Xianbei people call heaven "Yu", and Yuwen means "Tianzi". Yuwen is a Xianbei tribe. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wen Zi tribes entered the Central Plains and took Yuwen as their surname.
Wei Chi: Wei Chi Department is also a tribe of Xianbei nationality, and people in Wei Chi Department later took the tribe name as their surname.
Wanxian: Wanxian was originally the name of Xianbei tribe. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wan Yi tribes entered the Central Plains and were named after them.
Eighth. Take the eyesight at birth as the surname.
Wu: When Zhou's son was born, his palm print was "Wu". Therefore, the word is named Wu Wei.
Ninth, take posthumous title as the surname.
The so-called "new moon" is the title given to emperors, nobles and ministers after their death according to their deeds before their death.
Mu: Last name. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was Duke Mu of Song Dynasty, and later generations took his posthumous title "Mu" as their surname.
A man named Ji. The leader of the Zhou clan died later. After Lu Ji cried, he was called Xibo. After his death, Sibusi succeeded to the throne in Zhou Wuwang, completing the great cause of destroying the Shang Dynasty and establishing the Zhou Dynasty. King Wu claimed that his father was Zhou Wenwang. Posthumous title is the common surname of Wang Wen. A surname. Qi Weiwang's grandson, Tian Wen, was named Meng Changjun. After that, he fled to Wei, and after his death, he entered posthumous title.
Kang: Zhou Gonghe's younger brother, uncle, was named Fei after his death, so he was also called Wei Kangshu. Wei Kang used to take posthumous title as his surname.
Tenth, change the surname because of avoiding disaster, hatred, taboo and suspicion.
G: Out of Yang's house. There were four sons in the Han Dynasty. When the family fortune fell, the four sons fled, and one of them took refuge in Youzhou. Change the surname to Gui.
Tian: My son has a fake surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chen Wan, the son of Chen Li, fled. He didn't want to take the country name as his surname and change his surname to "Tian". Judy, the prince of Yan in the Ming Dynasty, rose up in the name of begging Huang Yucheng and overthrew Wen Jian. Huang Yucheng's descendants changed their surnames to Tian for avoiding disaster.
Eleventh, the emperor gave the surname.
Jin: Those who are honored as the "Western Emperor" are called "Jin" because the West belongs to Jin in the Five Elements Theory. Later generations took Jin as their surname. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu King Hugh Dun surrendered to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave him the surname Jin and named him Jinrishan.
Liu: I left home. After Yao, Liu Lei became the Tang Du family of the Zhou Dynasty. She Ji was an official in the state of Jin: a scholar, that is, the Shi family, and later changed from the Shang family to the Liu family. Because Liu Bang founded the Han Dynasty, Liu became the most popular name in China. Emperor Gaozu named Xiang Bo Liu because Xiang Bo had helped him in the past.
Zheng: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Liwang's youngest son is named JUNG WOO, and some of his descendants take the country as their surname. Ma, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, was given the surname Zheng by Emperor Yongle, so Ma changed his surname to "Zheng He".
Twelfth, take quantifiers, ranking order and heavenly stems and earthly branches as surnames.
Wan surnamed Ji. Gao, his son, was later called Bi Wan, and some descendants of Bi Wan took the word "Wan" in their ancestors' names as their surnames.
C: I wrote Tai again. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the doctor of the State of Jin was sent to Yu Tai (east of Chengwu, Henan); Later, he took Tai (c) as his surname.
Thirteenth, ethnic minorities change their surnames.
Yuan: During the Spring and Autumn Period, after Yuan Gen, the doctor of Weiguo took Yuan as his surname. In addition, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted the sinicization of Xianbei people and made them Xianbei.
The clan changed their eyes to Chinese, spoke Chinese, and changed "Tuoba" to "Yuanshi County".
Among the ethnic minorities of the Han nationality, there are also famous Li Keyong and Li. Li Keyong, the son of the leader of Shatuo clan, led Shatuo to help Tang break Chang 'an in Huang Chao, appointed me as the ambassador to Hedong, and made him King of Jin. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, his surname was Li, and he set out to establish the post-Tang Dynasty.
Fourteenth, Han people changed their surnames to ethnic minorities.
During the Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, many Han people also became ethnic minorities.
Fifthly, the surnames of some ethnic minorities.
There is a Mukun organization in Manchu, which was born in the surname society and is the basic blood organization that constitutes Manchu society. Mukun is made up of one or several families. Tongmukun has only one surname; Several Mu Kun of the same clan were given several Han surnames. For example, Wu Mukun in Wu Yashi takes Wu, Mu, Bao, Huang and Shao as surnames respectively; Four Mukun of Ningguta family took Liu and Ning as their surnames; Tu is the surname of a branch of the Xitala family (now Yongling Town, Xinbin County), and Zhu is the surname of Mu Kun who lives in Shengjing.
The lineage of Zhuang nationality is calculated according to the paternal line, and the children take the father's surname. The daughter must add a double surname after taking the photo, that is, the husband's surname comes first and the father's surname comes last. For example, if the husband's surname is Mo and the father's surname is Luo, it is called "Mo Roche". This is the same as the old customs of the Han nationality (Zhang, Li, etc. ).
Sixteenth, it is easy to pronounce the wrong surname.
Because there are many polyphonic characters and archaic sounds in Chinese characters, some surnames are easily mispronounced by us. For example, Wan Yi's pronunciation is Mochi, which is often misunderstood as "longevity".
Qu, pronounced ou, is often pronounced Qu.
Black is pronounced as He (he) and is often misunderstood as "black".
Gai, pronounced Ge, is often pronounced Gai.
The original meaning of Cha is Cha Kao, which means reading chá, but as a surname, reading zhā. The real name of Mr. Jin Yong, a famous martial arts novelist, is Cha Liang Yong.
When teaching, you should send jiāo when you teach and teach, and Ji ao when you are surnamed.
The original meaning of Ren is trust, commitment and any meaning. As a surname, read é n, and the representative is Comrade Ren, a revolutionary of the older generation.
I used to say that I didn't mean to read Zeng before, but I should read Zeng when I was a surname. In ancient times, there were Ceng Gong, one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", Zeng Guofan, a famous minister in Qing Dynasty, and now there is Donald Tsang, the chief executive of Hong Kong.
Miao's original intention is to repair, for example, when it is used for "saving for a rainy day" and when it is used as a surname, it is pronounced miào, and the representative figure is Miao, a famous court female painter in the late Qing Dynasty.
Sheng means light, reading sheng, for example, there is a large enterprise Guangsheng Group in Guangdong Province. But pronounce chéng as a last name.