Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a French Polish scientist, studied radioactive phenomena and found two radioactive elements, radium and polonium.
Su won the Nobel Prize twice in his life.
Madame Curie, whose original name was Marie Sklodowska,/kloc-0 was born in a teacher's family in Warsaw, Poland on October 7th.
As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model is inspiring.
Inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression.
The world's understanding of Madame Curie. It was largely influenced by the biography Madame Curie published by her second daughter 1937.
The ring. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life.
Susan quinn, an American biographer, spent seven years collecting undisclosed days, including Madame Curie's family members and friends.
Records and biographical materials. Last year, she published a new book for herself, Maria Curie: A Life.
The life course of hardship, bitterness and struggle is portrayed more carefully and deeply.
Marie Curie is an immortal name in the history of world science. This great female scientist, with her diligence and talent, is in
In the fields of physics and chemistry, he made outstanding contributions, so he became the only person who won the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines.
A famous scientist who won the Nobel Prize. Einstein said in evaluating Madame Curie's life:
"The greatest achievement in her life-the existence of radioactive elements and their separation-can be achieved, not just through.
Bold intuition also depends on the enthusiasm and tenacity of working under unimaginable and extremely difficult circumstances. These difficulties in experimental science
It is rare in history. Madame Curie's moral strength and enthusiasm, even if only exists in a small part of European intellectuals, Europe
You will face a brighter future. "
First, I entered the University of Paris through self-study.
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland. She is the youngest of five children. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with very limited income.
My mother is also a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother has a serious infectious disease and is taken care of by her sister. then
My mother and elder sister died before she was 10 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. This living environment not only cultivated her independence
The ability to make a living has also tempered her strong character since she was a child.
Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and a special hobby, and never misses any opportunity to study easily.
There is tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old won the gold medal.
Graduated from high school with honors. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and his father was eager for scientific knowledge.
A strong sense of professionalism also deeply influenced little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read it again.
Many natural science books filled her with fantasies, and she was eager to explore the scientific world. But the family circumstances at that time did not allow her.
Go to college. /kloc-started to be a tutor for a long time at the age of 0/9, and at the same time taught himself various courses to prepare for future study. such
Until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong thirst for knowledge, she listened carefully to every class.
Hard work has made her worse and worse, but her academic performance has always been among the best, which not only envies her classmates, but also makes her teach.
The professors were all surprised. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the exam for her bachelor's degree in physics. Among the 30 candidates, she won the first place.
The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the second place.
At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project of various steels proposed by the French National Association for the Promotion of Industry. Being completed
In the course of this research project, she met pierre curie, a teacher from the School of Physics and Chemistry. He is a very successful young scientist. Usually branch
Learning for the benefit of mankind * * * agreed to merge. After Mary got married, people addressed her as Madame Curie. 1896, Curie
I finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. In the second year, she completed the research on the magnetism of various steels. but
However, she is not satisfied with her achievements, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Stand at a new starting line.
Second, the light of radium.
1896, French physicist becquerel published a work report, detailing the uranium he discovered through many experiments.
Elements, uranium and its compounds have a special ability to automatically and continuously emit an invisible ray, which
Ray is different from ordinary light, it can make photographic film sensitive through black paper, and it is also different from Roentgen ray found by Roentgen, without high-fidelity air.
Under the conditions of bulk discharge and high voltage, it can be automatically generated from uranium and uranium salts. Uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate outward.
Energy. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray?
What? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances.
This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to cultivate a virgin land and finally completed the history of modern science.
One of the most important discoveries, the discovery of radioactive element radium, laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.
.
In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has rays, but also measure rays.
The power of. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, and has nothing to do with the state of uranium existence and external conditions.
Constraints are irrelevant.
Madame Curie made a comprehensive examination of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium.
Elements can also automatically emit invisible rays, indicating that the phenomenon that elements can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also some elements.
* * * Same features. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The rays they emit are called "radiation"
Ray. " According to the experimental results, she also predicted that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; Minerals without uranium and thorium must be radioactive.
. The instrument inspection completely verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements and concentrated on those that were radioactive.
And accurately measure the radioactive intensity of elements. In the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of pitchblende was much greater than expected.
This shows that the minerals in the experiment contain a new unknown radioactive element, and the content of this element must be very small, because this mineral
It has been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She resolutely published her findings in the experimental report and tried to prove it through experiments.
It ... At this critical moment, her husband pierre curie also realized the importance of his wife's discovery and stopped talking about crystals.
Study this new element with her. After several months' efforts, they separated a compound mixed with bismuth from the ore.
Material, its radioactive intensity far exceeds that of uranium, that is, polonium, which was later listed as No.84 in the periodic table of elements. A few months later, they
Another new element was discovered and named radium. However, the Curies did not immediately get the joy of success. When you're a little
When they ordered compounds of new elements, they found that the initial estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the content of radium in ore is less than one millionth.
. Because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace radium salts are hundreds of times more radioactive than uranium.
The road to science has never been smooth. For centuries, the discovery of polonium and radium and the characteristics of these new radioactive elements have shaken some foundations.
This theory and basic concepts. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter and atoms are inseparable.
And cannot be changed. According to the traditional view, the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium cannot be explained. So, no matter what it is,
Neo-Confucianism and chemists are very interested in Madame Curie's research work, but they all have doubts in their hearts. Especially chemists.
The attitude is more rigorous. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and further study the various properties of radium, the Curies must start with asphalt.
More and purer radium salts are separated from the ore.
All the unknown worlds are mysterious. At the beginning of the study of separating new elements, they didn't know any chemical properties of the new elements.
The only clue to find a new element is that it is highly radioactive. Based on this, they created a new chemical analysis method. But they have no money.
There are no real laboratories, only some simple instruments bought or designed by themselves. In order to work efficiently, they conducted research separately.
Look into it. The characteristics of radium are determined by Mr. Curie's experiments; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salt.
Where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be revealed by those who stubbornly solve it. At the end of 1902, Madame Curie mentioned
One tenth gram of extremely pure radium chloride was extracted and its atomic weight was accurately determined. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a kind of
Natural radioactive materials are extremely difficult to obtain, and their forms are white crystals shining like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is similar to any.
The spectral lines of known elements are all different. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. profit
With its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. medical research
It is found that laser has different effects on different cells and tissues. Those rapidly multiplying cells are irradiated by radium.
It was destroyed. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is composed of cells that proliferate extremely rapidly, and laser rays are very important for cancer.
Its damage is far greater than the surrounding healthy tissue. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. in France
In the Republic of China, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics and promoted the development of scientific theory.
It is of great significance to show and apply it in practice.
Third, a heart of gold.
Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. The couple's science
The meritorious service is unparalleled. However, they despise fame and fortune extremely and are most tired of those boring social parties. They gave everything to science,
Without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune.
. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, developed by others and should not be affected. "
Any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also put their Nobel Prize.
Give a lot to others.
1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to achieve their goals.
Scientific volunteers. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became a famous university in Paris.
When the first female professor came, when the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, she began to study the nature of radiation. only
From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10 year,
Madame Curie finished the book Monographs on Radioactivity. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 year, Madame Curie won again.
Nobel prize in chemistry. A female scientist won the world best in two different scientific fields twice in less than 10 years.
High bonus, which is unique in the history of world science!
19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in
Research work on radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She lived for several years from the age of 16.
I have studied and worked hard for 50 years. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high degree of self-sacrifice since she was a child.
In order to provide for her sister to go to school, she is willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she was there every night in order to save fuel and heating costs.
They all studied in the library until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very expensive at that time, and they came from themselves.
I saved my living expenses bit by bit and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie took great pains to extract it.
Radium worth more than 1 ten thousand gold francs is donated to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment.
1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from it since she was young.
Motherland, studying in France, Republic. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia.
She hates intruders very much. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because of the word polonium.
The etymology is the same as that of the Polish country name. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.
On July 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She has been creating and developing radiation science all her life and has been fearless for a long time.
He studied highly radioactive substances until he finally devoted himself to this science. In her life, * * * won 10 including the Nobel Prize.
This famous award was awarded 16 medals by international advanced academic institutions; Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded as many titles as 100.
Multiple. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Albert Einstein, a great scientist, commented, "Of all the people I know,
Among these famous figures, Madame Curie is the only one who is not reversed by fame. "
Appendix: Chronology of the Curie Couples (1867— 1934)
1867165438+1October 7th
Born in a middle school teacher's family in Shashi, Wang Guohua. His father Uladi Slav Skoro Dovski is a middle school math teacher, and his mother is also a teacher.
Pro-Brosini Slova Bo Gu Ska Skoro Dovska is the principal of a boarding school for girls. The baby's name is Mabya Sklodowska. agate
There are three sisters and one brother in ADB V, namely Sophie, Broger Shirava, Helena and her brother Joseph.
At that time, Poland was ruled by Russian czar Alexander II (1818-1881).
1868 One year old
His father Scolo Dovski is the assistant principal of Novolipki public middle school. My mother was weak and suffered from lung disease, so she had to resign as the headmaster of a girls' school.
The whole family moved out of the house on Frida Road where they had lived for eight years.
1873 Six years old
Father was demoted and his salary was reduced by the Russian authorities. In order to subsidize their families, boarding students are admitted to study at home. There were only two or three people at first, and then it increased to ten people.
Maria went to a private boarding school, and the principal was Ms. Lucy Kolska.
1879 ——1878 Nine and eleven years old.
Elder sister (1876) suffered from typhus, and mother (1878) died of lung disease for a long time.
188 1 year 14 years old
Leave boarding school and transfer to a public middle school managed by Russia.
Russian Tsar Alexander II was assassinated and Alexander III (1844- 1894) ascended the throne.
1882 Fifteen years old
Pierre curie, a young French scholar (1born on May 5th, 859, aged 23), was employed as a physics laboratory by the Paris Institute of Physics and Chemistry.
Chief.
He and his brother Jacques Curie invented the Curie electrometer.
1883 Sixteen years old
June: Graduation from middle school. Public middle schools, especially German teacher Bast Martin and supervisor Ms. Meyer, stubbornly implement the people of the Russian authorities
National oppression policy.
After graduation, I went to the countryside in southern Poland to spend my holiday with my relatives. Sometimes I will cross the border with my friends to play in the mountains of Galicia, so that I can speak Polish loudly.
Sing Polish songs loudly.
1884 seventeen years old
September: Back to Warsaw. Tutoring in the city.
Participate in the "mobile university" where Polish patriotic youth meet in secret regularly, attend lectures, do scientific experiments and serve as literacy workers.
1886 Nineteen years old
June 65438+ 10: Worked as a tutor in Proch, Stochuki and Sobote. In order to support my second sister Broni Shirava to go to Paris for further study (Warsaw University
Do not accept girls) and save money for their studies.
189 1 24 years old
September: Go to Paris to study.
165438+1October: entered the physics department of Sorbonne University (Paris University).
1893 Twenty-six years old
July: Passed the bachelor's degree examination in physics.
She won the "Alexander Scholarship" of 600 rubles in Warsaw, which solved her financial difficulties and enabled her to continue studying in France.
Pierre curie invented the accurate weightless balance-Curie balance.
June+10/October, 65438: British physicist Thomson (Lord Kelvin,1824-1907) visited Curie across the ocean.
1894 Twenty-seven years old
Accept the paid task of the State Council Industry Promotion Association to study the magnetism of steel to supplement the research fee.
April: introduced by Joseph kowalski, a Polish scholar and professor of physics at the University of Voorburg, I met pierre curie, in order to
Use the well-equipped laboratory led by Curie.
July: Pass the bachelor's degree examination in mathematics.
Received pierre curie's paper "On Symmetry Principle in Physical Phenomena: Symmetry Principle of Electric Field and Magnetic Field".
Pierre curie found that the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic material is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature (T), which was originally called Curie's Law. 1907, French physicist Wei
After further research, it was refined and named Curie-Weiss Law. Equation: X = C/(t-q) The transition temperature of ferromagnetic materials is called Curie.
Point (q), when it reaches this temperature, loses its ferromagnetism and is paramagnetic.
Russian Tsar Nicholas II (1868- 19 18) acceded to the throne.
1895 Twenty-eight years old
March: pierre curie (36 years old) passed the doctor's degree examination, and his thesis was entitled Magnetism of Matter at Various Temperatures. revolt
Professor of physical chemistry.
April: Leapman read Mary Skoro Dovska's paper "Radioactivity of Uranium and Thorium Compounds" at the Academy of Sciences.
July 26th: Mary and pierre curie get married in the Paris suburb of Sotheby's.
Marie Curie is a teacher in a girls' middle school.
65438+February: The physicist Qin (1845— 1923), president of the University of Wü rzburg, Germany, discovered X-rays and presented a preliminary report on a new kind of rays.
Report and other three research reports. This kind of ray is customarily called "Roentgen ray", but later it is usually called X-ray.
1896 Twenty-nine years old
March: French physicist Beaucreux (1852— 1908) studied uranium salts and discovered the radioactivity of uranium, which is called Beaucreux ray.
August: Mary passed the teacher title examination for college graduates.
With the support of Schuzenberg (1827—1897), Dean of the School of Physics and Chemistry, Mary got a job in the school physics laboratory, working with Buel (
Director of the room) * * *.
Swedish chemist Nobel (1833— 1896) died.
1897 Thirty years old
Paper: magnetization of tempered steel.
September 12: Irene Curie was born in Chang 'an.
Curie's mother died.
1898 thirty-one years old
Discovery of thorium radioactivity: German chemist Schmidt (1865- 1949) also made his own discovery at the end of last year or early this year.
July: The Curies put forward "A new radioactive substance in pitchblende" to the Academy of Sciences, indicating that a new radioactive element 84, which is more radioactive than uranium, has been discovered.
400 times stronger, similar to bismuth, Madame Curie suggested that polonium be named after her native Poland.
Since then, the Curies have worked closely together to establish the earliest radiochemistry working method.
65438+February: The Curies and their colleague Belmont proposed to the Academy of Sciences that there is a new radioactive substance in pitchblende, indicating that it has developed again.
Now, the new element 88, which is one million times more radioactive than uranium, is named radium.
Marie Curie's report on the discovery of the new element polonium was published in the Polish monthly Svay Artero in Warsaw.
1899 32 years old
At the suggestion of Xu Si (1831-1914), an academician of communication at the French Academy of Sciences and a professor of geology at the University of Vienna,
As a gift from the Austrian government, the Austrian government received a ton of pitchblende residue from the St. Joachimsthal mine in the Czech Republic for refining pure radium.
Three papers: Study on Induced Radioactivity (co-author: De Billner), Chemical Action of Laser and the Same in Radioactivity.
Caused by charge. "
When studying radium, Madame Curie found that ozone was produced in the air under the action of radiation, and noticed that radiation colored glass and porcelain, which led to radiation.
The establishment of radiochemistry, the study of chemical reactions caused by radiation.
Distribute radium to Rutherford, Bockeler, Willard (1860- 1934), Paulson and other scientific and medical people for use.
65438+1October: Buel student and chemist De Bilner (1874—1949) used ammonium hydroxide and rare earth elements * * * to separate pitchblende.
It contains actinium, the third new radioactive element. He later took part in the work of refining pure radium.
Atomic physicist Rutherford (1871-1937) discovered what he called laser gas and thorium emanation, that is, radioactive inert gas radon. Songde
Dunn, China (1848-? ) Laser gas was also found in 1900. Rutherford distinguished alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays according to their penetrating ability.
Ray.
German physicists elster (1854- 1920) and Geitel (1855- 1923) discovered the decay law of emitted particles.
French Jewish officer Dreyfus (1859- 1935) was wronged, and writer Zola (1840- 1902) published "I accuse" and demanded acquittal. Bie
Curie took part in the above struggle, defended justice and protested against the government's misjudgment.
0900 65438+33 years old
March: Buel got the position of tutor in comprehensive technical school.
Mary teaches physics at Seville Girls' Normal School in southwest Paris.
Mary's paper "On the Atomic Weight of Radioactive Barium Compounds".
The Curies read a paper on new radioactive substances and their emission lines at the International Physics Society in Paris.
10: On the recommendation of Peng (1854— 19 12), Boer gave lectures on physics, chemistry and natural history to medical students at Sorbonne University (P
C.n.) to teach.
Two German scholars, Valkov and Gizer, claimed that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. Later, it was confirmed by the Curies that laser rays would burn the skin.
190 1 34 years old
The Curie couple's paper "On Radioactive Elements".
Pierre curie and De Beer Na's paper "On Induced Radioactivity Caused by Radium Salt". Pierre curie and Becquerel's paper "Laser
Physiological function of line.
Wilhelm rontgen, a German physicist, made a fuss when the Nobel Prize Committee of Swedish Academy began to award prizes according to the Nobel will.
X-ray won the physics prize for the first time in 190 1.
1902 Thirty-five years old
After three years and nine months of refining, the Curies separated a trace (one gram) of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, and the atomic weight of radium was determined to be
225, and later the exact number was 226.
Mary's paper on the atomic weight of radium.
Boolean's paper "On the Absolute Calculation of Time".
Boer's student (1888) Lang Zhiwan (1872- 1946) worked under his teacher, engaged in magnetic research, and transferred to France until 1904.
Academy of Sciences.
German chemist mcwhorter independently discovered telluride, which was later identified as polonium.
Russian chemist Deyev (1834— 1907) visited the laboratory to discuss radioactive infighting.
1903 Thirty-six years old
June: Mary submitted her doctoral thesis "Research on Radioactive Substances" to Sorbonne University, and obtained a doctor of science degree.
Bull's paper "On Induced Radioactivity and Laser Gas". Buel and Rabold's paper "On the heat automatically released by radium salt", they noticed that.
It means that the compound of radium is heating up continuously, and the temperature per gram of radium is heating up every hour 100 calories.
10 June 5438+00: China writer Lu Xun first published an article introducing radium in the eighth issue of Zhejiang Tide published in Tokyo under the pseudonym Zi Shu.
In this article, Madame Curie is translated as Madame Coulee. This is an old translation of radium.
65438+February: The Nobel Prize Committee of Swedish Academy announced that this year's Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Henri Becquerel and Curie.
Reward the former for discovering natural radioactivity and reward the latter for studying natural radium radiation.
1904 37 years old
65438+1October: Radium magazine was founded, with Danne as its editor (1872—1935). Dana conducted research in 190 1 under the guidance of Buel.
Buel and biologist Bouchard (1837-1915) (Baltashal) wrote the paper "Physiological Function of Laser Gas". After studying in this field,
It led to the invention of Curie therapy, namely radium therapy.
Buel and Labold's paper "On the Radioactivity of Gases Emitted from Hot Springs".
Summer: Boer suffers from rheumatism and can't go to Sweden to receive the prize. Later, the Swedish side put the Nobel Prize certificates, medals and prizes (equivalent to 70,000 laws)
Lang) to the French minister.
10: Li Yaer, president of Monsolben University (Buel), recommended him as the newly established official professor of physics lectures in the Faculty of Science.
165438+1October: Mary is the director of the physics laboratory of the Faculty of Science, Sorbonne University.
65438+February: The second daughter Eve Curie was born.
1905 38 years old
June: The Curies went to the Swedish Academy in Stockholm to meet the requirement that Nobel Prize winners must accept the prize and give academic speeches in person.
July: Boolean was elected as an academician of French Academy of Sciences.
1906 Thirty-nine years old
April 19: 47-year-old Buel was run over by a truck.
Mary refused to accept the state pension offered by the Ministry of Education as the widow of the professor in her former residence.
May: I am employed by the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University to replace Professor Boer in the physics course, with an annual salary of 10000 francs. 165438+ lecture 10, the topic is: electricity and electricity.
Modern theory of the relationship between conductive materials.
July 10: Langevin's brief introduction to Mr. Curie's works is published in Monthly Review.
1907 Forty years old
Madame Curie managed to accept five or six graduate students. Accept three Carnegie Scholarships within two years.
Purified radium chloride was obtained, and the atomic weight was 226.
And friends Lang Zhiwan and Pei Han (1870- 1942) co-organized children's classes to guide the sons of scientists such as Irina Curie and Frances Pei Han.
My brother studied for two years, about eight or nine people. Langevin taught mathematics, Mary taught physics, Peihan taught chemistry, Henry Mudun taught natural history, Peihan.
Madame teaches literature and history.
1908 4 1 year
Preface the Collected Works of pierre curie and trace the author's achievements. This book was commissioned by the French Physical Society by Langevin (and Chenneveau? ) edit
Series, published in Paris.
Be promoted to professor.