Ask for a list of European cultures, revolutions and memorabilia.

Europe has a long history of civilization development. From 4000 BC to 2500 BC, the megalithic culture was widely distributed in southern Europe and western Europe, and then the Aegean Sea, located in southeastern Europe, flourished as one of the birthplaces of ancient civilizations in the world, known as Aegean civilization, leaving a rich cultural heritage for mankind. In the 6th century BC, the ancient Roman countries rose and gradually developed into a huge empire covering half of Europe (south of the line from the British Isles to the mouth of the Danube), North Africa and West Asia. The Italian Peninsula where Italy is located has always been its political and economic core. At the beginning of this century, the population of Europe was about 32 million, more than half of which were distributed in southern Europe, while the total population of Eastern Europe, Northern Europe and the British Isles was less than110. After the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire gradually weakened, and Germans living in northern Europe and Slavs living in eastern Europe invaded in large numbers. Population migration and extensive economic and cultural exchanges accompanying this historical process have greatly promoted the all-round development of Europe. By the middle of 14 century, the population of the whole continent had reached 8 1 10,000, while the population proportion in southern Europe had dropped to13, which was also obvious in other regions, especially in eastern Europe. 15 ~16th century, capitalism began to sprout in some countries in southern Europe and western Europe. Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, France and Britain have successively developed into powerful countries with world influence through geographical discovery and plundering of overseas colonies. In the subsequent bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, western Europe further established its leading position in economy and culture. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, countries in northern Europe, central Europe and eastern Europe also embarked on the road of capitalist development, while countries in southern Europe developed relatively slowly. 1900 The population of Europe is 4150,000, and the proportion of the population of southern Europe is less than 1/4. Due to the rapid development of capitalism, Europe's economic and cultural level has been far ahead in the world in the19th century. Colonies of several European powers spread all over continents, and tens of millions of Europeans emigrated overseas, which had a great impact on the world's human geography and economic geography. In the first half of the 20th century, Europe became the main source of two world wars. Due to the destruction of war and the imbalance of capitalist political and economic development laws, Europe's position in the world has declined relatively. Its population proportion in the world dropped from 25% in 1900 to 20% in 1950, and its industrial production proportion also dropped from 65% to 45%. In this process, the political map of Europe has also undergone great changes. 19 17, the first socialist country in the world was born, and a number of new socialist countries appeared after the second world war. Since the 1950' s, there has been a long-term political and military confrontation in Europe. One side is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the other side is a signatory to the Warsaw Treaty. This basic situation has not fundamentally changed so far. In the 40 years after the end of World War II, the European economy has been rapidly restored and developed, and it still has a wide and decisive influence in the world. Due to the differences in the original foundation or social system, the development speed of various regions in Europe after the war is quite different. Southern Europe, Central Europe and Eastern Europe have developed rapidly, but the overall economic and technological development level of Western Europe and Northern Europe is still in the leading position in the whole continent.

Culture: European culture is profound. European prehistoric art embodies the architectural, sculpture, painting and technical achievements of Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Europe, among which the Paleolithic art in Europe is the earliest real art known to mankind. In addition, European prehistoric musical instruments are extremely expressive and are called activity art by scholars.

From 1 1 to17th century, the rise of medieval universities in Europe laid a model for modern higher education.

Europe and Asia: During the imperialist era, European countries invaded China many times in East Asia, and now they have established normal diplomatic relations with China. The Republic of China only has diplomatic relations with the Vatican in Europe, but it has deep economic and trade relations with all European countries. European countries have established vast colonies in various parts of Asia, such as: Britain owns India, Hong Kong, Malaysia and so on; France owns zhina in the east of Indochina Peninsula today; Portugal governs Macao and East Timor; The Netherlands once owned east indies, which is now Indonesian. Therefore, the relationship between Southeast Asian countries and European countries is very deep. Because of this deep relationship, Europe still has a certain degree of influence on Southeast Asia in today's international relations; In the Philippines, once ruled by Spain and with Catholicism as the state religion, the cardinals appointed by the Pope also have political and social influence. Japan in Northeast Asia once formed an axis country with Germany and Italy in World War II. At present, Japan, South Korea and European countries are mainly based on economic relations, and political alliances are gradually decreasing.

Europe and America: Although Europe and America have strong historical origins and connections in culture and folk customs, generally speaking, in the middle of the 20th century, after the Second World War, Europe and America had a relatively close alliance. Prior to this, the United States was once a place where European countries exiled dissidents and prisoners during the17th century. So 1786 in the early days of the founding of the United States, it had an antagonistic relationship with European colonialists, especially Britain, which once ruled the United States. Later, due to the long-term political non-interference policy of the United States and Europe, the two developed separately from 18 to 19 century. The two world wars in the 20th century greatly weakened Europe, but the American economy developed at a high level. All countries in western Europe need economic assistance from the United States and naturally have close relations with the United States. Coupled with the entry of Eastern European countries into the Eastern Group, the relationship with the United States has dropped to freezing point. During the Cold War, the threat of the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union strengthened the close relationship between other European countries except Eastern Europe and the United States. However, after the end of the Cold War, the threat disappeared, and the relationship between Europe (mainly EU member States) and the United States changed. Europe needs its own voice more. Therefore, some European countries have different opinions or even great differences with the United States on the 91/KLOC-0 incident, the Iraq issue, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and other issues. But their deep-rooted alliance will remain unchanged. However, Britain is closer to the United States in the above incidents and has formed a very solid alliance with the United States. However, some people ridiculed that the United States, a former colonial master, almost became a vassal of the United States. Spain, Poland and other countries strongly supported the United States in the second US-Iraq war, and let the United States praise these countries as new Europe. However, with the terrorist attacks on Spain, Spain withdrew from the Covenant with the United States and withdrew from Iraq.

Europe and the Middle East: Geographically, Europe and the Middle East are close neighbors. Historically, the relationship between Europe and the Middle East has been tense, basically because of their fundamental differences in religious concepts: most European countries take Christianity as their main belief, while most Arab countries in the Middle East take Islam as their state religion. Many areas in the Middle East once became the mandated areas of Britain and France after the First World War in the early 20th century. European imperialist rulers created ethnic contradictions in the region, which led to political turmoil in the Middle East today. Turkey, a Muslim country spanning Europe and Asia Minor, has a very delicate relationship with traditional European countries. She ended the Byzantine Empire and now aspires to join the European Union. In addition, European countries sympathize with the Arab world being controlled and attacked by the United States, because Europe also hopes to get the oil resources owned by Arab countries. Although Nazi Germany massacred Jews in World War II, many Jews who regarded Arabs as old enemies still lived in Europe and exerted their influence.

Europe and Africa: The relationship between Europe and North Africa is similar to her relationship with the Middle East, because North Africa and Europe face each other across the Mediterranean Sea, and North Africa is also a Muslim country. Historically, the Arab Empire ruled Spain, Portugal and southern France only in the Middle Ages. Since the rise of European colonialism, all parts of Africa have become European colonies. The French West Africa colony established by France in Central Africa, West Africa and North Africa was the largest colony on the African continent at that time. European colonists competed for natural resources in Africa, and it was not until the wave of independence movement of African countries and nations began in the 1950s that the situation improved, and many countries became independent one after another. Europe and Africa are also developing in the economic and trade direction.

Columbus discovered America.

The religious reform in Europe began.

152 1 year, a unified Russian state appeared.

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Protestant Prince signed the augsburg Religious Peace Treaty.

1566-1609 Dutch revolution

The Spanish Armada failed in its expedition to Britain.

The British East India Company was established on 1600.

1603 ——1868 Tokugawa era in Japan.

1618-1648 Thirty Years' War in Europe, and the Peace Treaty of Westphalia was signed.

Chronology of major events in international relations (II)

1640- 1648 British bourgeois revolution

1643- 17 15 Louis XIV of France was in power.

1644 China Qing army entered the customs.

1659 France and Spain signed the Pyrenees Peace Treaty.

1682- 1725 Peter I of Russia was in office.

Austria-Turkey War

1688, the anti-French augsburg Alliance was established, which was a glorious revolution in Britain.

1701-1714 Spain's war of succession to the throne, and the participating countries signed the Treaty of Utrecht.

1709 Russia defeated Sweden in the battle of poltava.

1718-1721year, the Spanish-English War was signed and the Madrid Treaty was signed.

1733 ——1735 Poland's war of succession to the throne, and the Vienna Peace Treaty was signed.

1740 ——1748 Austrian war of succession to the throne, Aachen treaty signed.

1756 ——1763 Seven Years' War

1775- 1783 North American War of Independence

1789 The French bourgeois revolution broke out and the French Constituent Assembly adopted the Declaration of Human Rights and Civil Rights.

1793 In March, Britain, Belgium, Austria and Spain formed the first anti-French alliance.

1795, Opus carved up Poland for the third time, and Poland perished.

1796 Napoleon's expedition to Italy

1798 Napoleon went to Egypt, and Britain, Russia and Austria formed the second anti-French alliance.

1799 foggy month coup, Napoleon came to power.

On February 0, France and Austria signed the Peace Treaty of Luneville.

1802 Britain and France sign Amiens Peace Treaty.

Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French Empire in 1804.

1805 Britain, Russia, Austria and other countries formed the third anti-French alliance.

1806165438+10 In October, Napoleon issued the Berlin edict, implementing the policy of mainland blockade.

1807 In July, Napoleon met with Tsar Alexander I on the Nieman River, and France signed the Treaty of Tilsit with Russia and Portugal.

1808 In March, France invaded Spain and the Iberian Peninsula War began.

1in April, 809, Britain, Austria and other countries formed the fourth anti-French alliance.

Napoleon's expedition to Russia failed.

1865438+In March 2003, Britain, Russia, Sweden and Spain formed the fifth anti-French alliance.

18 14 years

On April 6, Napoleon abdicated and the Bourbon dynasty was restored.

The Vienna Conference opened in September, and the victorious countries rebuilt the European order.

18 15

In September, Russia, Poland and Austria signed the Holy Alliance Treaty.

In June 65438 +065438+ 10, France signed the second Paris Peace Treaty with the anti-French alliance countries; Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia signed a four-nation alliance treaty.

1865438+2008 Aachen Conference

1820 Trobe meeting

182 1 lemacher meeting

1822 verona conference

1823, the United States proposed "Monroe Doctrine".

1827 Britain, Russia and France signed the London Treaty.

1828- 1829 Russia-Turkey War, signing the Adriatic Sea Fort Treaty.

1830, the July Revolution broke out in France and overthrew the Bourbon dynasty.

1832- 1834 Portuguese war of succession to the throne

1834 65438+ 10 The treaty of alliance among Britain, Spain and Portugal was signed in October.

Treaty of nanking was signed during the first Sino-British Opium War.

1846 American-Mexican War, the United States annexed New Mexico and California.