After modern times, due to the invasion of western powers and the corruption of feudal rule, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the mountains and rivers were broken, and the Chinese nation was devastated.
Especially after the Opium War, the Chinese nation fell into a miserable situation of being poor, weak and at the mercy of others. After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan.
It greatly stimulated the ambition of the great powers to carve up China, and then the great powers set off a frenzy to carve up China, thus intensifying the crisis of the Chinese nation and greatly deepening the degree of semi-colonization.
1900, Britain, the United States, Japan, Russia, France, Germany, Italy and Austria invaded China, and then invaded Beijing in August. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the unequal treaty "Xin Chou Treaty".
This is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of compensation and the most serious loss of sovereignty in China's modern history, which has seriously violated China's sovereignty and further strengthened the imperialist's comprehensive control and plunder of China.
While the people of China suffered humiliation, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The modern history of being beaten by a tribe is also a history of shame.
Every patriotic China people will always think of it, which hurts deeply. Modern China declined and became a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society. At the same time, solving the problem of national independence has become the primary task of the Chinese nation, and a history of Chinese struggle has begun.
Second, the case
1, burning Yuanmingyuan
During the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces launched a war of aggression against China. In August of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. On October 6th, 65438/kloc-0, Yuanmingyuan was occupied. From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily.
In order to force the Qing government to accept peace conditions as soon as possible, British Minister Erkin and British Commander Grant ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops to Yuanmingyuan in June 1860+1October18 on the pretext that the Qing government imprisoned British and French prisoners of war in Yuanmingyuan.
"Yuanmingyuan" was named by Emperor Kangxi. Located in Haidian District, the western suburb of Beijing, adjacent to the Summer Palace. Built in the 46th year of Kangxi (1709), it consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty gave this garden to his fourth son, Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi, the site of Yuanmingyuan), and named it Yuanmingyuan.
After more than 50 years' operation by the five emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng/KLOC-0, we have concentrated a lot of material resources, entertained countless skilled craftsmen, poured the blood and sweat of millions of working people, and carefully built a large-scale and beautiful detached palace.
10 year 10 month 17 day, British chief representative Erkin abused 18 captured British and French "expatriates" on the pretext that the Qing government "ignored morality and international law" and said to the Qing government: "Those who died in Yuanmingyuan, a place where British and French expatriates were tortured to death, vowed to be razed to the ground.
In June 5438+00, June 5438+08 and June 5438+09, the British savagely burned five royal gardens (namely Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden, Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden and Jingyi Garden) and three mountains (Wanshou Mountain, Yuquan Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain) in the northwest suburb of Beijing to ashes.
When Yuanmingyuan fell into a sea of fire, Erjin proudly declared: "This move will shake China and Europe, and its effect far exceeds the imagination of people thousands of miles away." .
After the British and French invaders arrived at Yuanmingyuan, they looted it. Later, in order to cover up the crime, British Minister Plenipotentiary Erkin, with the support of British Prime Minister Pa Max Don, ordered the burning of Yuanmingyuan. The fire burned for three days and nights, leaving the world-famous garden in ruins.
According to rough statistics, the number of cultural relics robbed in Yuanmingyuan is about 6.5438+0.5 million, ranging from bronze ritual vessels in the pre-Qin period in China to famous paintings and calligraphy in the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and all kinds of rare treasures. Only the architectural site is left, and the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park has been established.
2. May 30th tragedy
May 30th (à) tragedy (also known as the May 30th massacre, or write five? The 30th Massacre, named after it happened on May 30th, 1925, was the fuse of the May 30th movement of the anti-imperialist patriotic movement.
On May 30th, more than 2,000 Shanghai students distributed leaflets and delivered speeches in the concession, protesting against the suppression of workers' strike by Japanese yarn factory capitalists, killing worker Gu Zhenghong, supporting workers and calling for the withdrawal of the concession. 100 people were arrested by the British police.
In the afternoon, more than 10,000 people gathered at the gate of Nanjing Road in the British Concession, demanding the release of the arrested students and shouting slogans such as "Down with imperialism". British police shot and killed 13 people on the spot, seriously injured dozens of people and arrested 150 people, which caused the May 30 tragedy that shocked China and foreign countries.
3. Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China.
Eight-Nation Alliance refers to Britain, France, Prussia (Germany), Russia, the United States, Japan, Italy, Austria-Hungary (now Austria-Hungary) Eight-Nation Alliance, which invaded China by military action in 1900.
In the early stage, it was led by British navy general Seymour. At first, the total number was around 30 thousand, but later it increased. The incident ended with the defeat of the Qing Dynasty, the allied forces occupied the capital Beijing, the Qing government fled to Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province, and paid 450 million silver after the talks.
Among the eight countries, Japan sent the most troops, with about 23,000 soldiers, about 18 warships and about 540 marines. The Austro-Hungarian Empire sent 23,540 troops, with a minimum of 75, making Japan the main force of Eight-Nation Alliance.
Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China means that at the end of 19, imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China, which aroused the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion. In order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and expand the aggression against China, eight imperialist countries, namely Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States, jointly invaded China on the pretext that the Qing government was xenophobic.
1June 900, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagubao; In July, Tianjin was conquered; In August, the occupation of Beijing. The invading army slaughtered people, plundered property and trampled on China's sovereignty in China. Cixi and others in the Qing court fled to xi 'an and sent Li Hongzhang and others to make peace.
165438+ 10, the number of invading troops increased to 65438+ 10,000, invading Shanhaiguan, Baoding, Zhengding and other places respectively and entering Shanxi. Russia also invaded northeast China alone with 1.7 million troops. In September, the Qing government and imperialism signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" which humiliated the country.
4. treaty of shimonoseki
Treaty of shimonoseki is an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the Meiji government of Japan in Shimonoseki, Japan on April 1895 and June 17, the 21st year of Guangxu. Formerly known as the New Testament of Shimonoseki, Japan called treaty of shimonoseki or Nissin Peace Treaty.
The signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the end of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The Chinese plenipotentiaries are Li Hongzhang and Li, and the Japanese plenipotentiaries are Ito Bowen and Lu Aozongguang.
According to the provisions of the treaty, China ceded Liaodong Peninsula (failed due to triple interference), Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands, and Penghu Islands to Japan, and paid Japan 200 million taels of silver. China has also opened Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japanese to invest and set up factories in trading ports in China.
Treaty of shimonoseki has benefited Japan enormously and stimulated its aggressive ambition. The national crisis in China is unprecedented, and the degree of semi-colonization has greatly deepened. The treaty met the needs of the imperialist powers to export capital to China, and then the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China.
5. Xin Chou Treaty
The Xin Chou Treaty is an unequal treaty with the largest amount of compensation and the most serious loss of sovereignty in China's modern history. The treaty provides that:
(1) China's compensation price and interest amount to 980 million taels (the details are compensation of 450 million taels, which will be paid off in 39 years, and the total principal and interest is about 980 million taels);
(2) Designate Dongjiaominxiang as the border of the embassy, allowing countries to station troops for protection, and not allowing China people to live on the border;
(3) The Qing government promised to prohibit people from participating in the anti-imperialist movement;
(4) The Qing government dismantled the fortified fort along the Dagukou-Beijing railway in Tianjin and allowed foreign powers to send troops to important places along the Beijing-Shanhaiguan railway.
This treaty marks that the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which has seriously violated China's sovereignty and brought profound disasters to the people.
This treaty is another slavery treaty imposed on China by imperialist powers. Its signing further strengthened the imperialists' comprehensive control and plunder of China, and marked that China had completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Since then, the wave of capitalism has begun.
The original copy of the Xin Chou Treaty was originally kept in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China, and now it is kept in the constant temperature and humidity warehouse of Shuangxi Palace Museum on the outskirts of Taipei.
Baidu Encyclopedia-treaty of shimonoseki
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Treaty of Love and Ugliness
Baidu Encyclopedia-Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China
Baidu Encyclopedia-May 30th Massacre
Baidu encyclopedia-burning Yuanmingyuan
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