He served as Jiangzhou Wine Sacrifice, Jianwei Army, Zhenjun, and Pengze County Order, and the last official position was Pengze County Order. He left his post for more than 80 days and retired to the countryside. He is the first pastoral poet in China, and is known as the "School of Ancient and Modern Hermit Poetry", with a collection of Tao Yuanming.
Tao Yuanming was a great thinker in the Middle Ages. His literary thought is an important part of the literary thought in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. His understanding of truth not only pays attention to the truth of history and life, but also pays attention to the truth of thoughts, feelings and ambitions, which is a perfect artistic truth.
At the same time, his understanding of nature also shows the uniqueness of his literary thought. He doesn't talk about enlightenment, he doesn't carve things, he pays attention to the free expression of emotions and the naturalness of poetry, which is a very high realm. However, both advocating artistic truth and advocating literary essence are for the free expression of life. This is the soul of Tao Yuanming's literary thought.
Tao Yuanming has a very clear understanding of the hypocrisy and darkness of social personnel, so his seclusion is not a passive escape from reality, but has a profound positive significance in criticizing social reality. When he was caught in the predicament of hunger and cold in his long seclusion, although he hesitated and wavered, he did not give in to the reality in the end, preferring poverty and sticking to chastity all his life.
It is said that the county magistrate sent Du You to see him, and the county official told him to get dressed to see him. He sighed and said, "How can I bow down to the children in the village?" From then on, it is better to talk about not bending over for five buckets of rice. Tao Yuanming likes drinking, and "sending wine as a trace" expresses his desire not to collude with the decadent ruling group, and shows the poet's indifferent and broad-minded mind and aloof and noble character. It is precisely because of this that his works are plain but poetic. ?
There are more than one hundred and forty articles in * * *, and the allusions of Liezi and Zhuangzi are quoted for more than seventy times, so we cannot but deeply accept the thoughts of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. Tao Yuanming advocates the natural aesthetics of Laozi and Zhuangzi, while living and working in the countryside. Naturally, rural life became his aesthetic objectification, which made China's pastoral poems brilliant.
Tao Yuanming's poetic beauty thought of taking nature as beauty and truth as beauty shines on poetry, illuminates the personality of the characters, and makes readers strongly feel the poet's arrogant and unyielding personality charm of pursuing freedom. Reflected in the content, rural life was introduced into the world of poetry, which opened up a new world for the development of China's poetry.
Infiltrating into art is to produce a true and simple artistic realm and an aesthetic style that dilutes nature. This is the great poet Tao Yuanming. For thousands of years, his personality, his poems, his pastoral poems, together with his leisure, have become the objects of worship and research by later poets and readers, which is enough to show that his aesthetic thoughts have infinite vitality. ?
2. Chen Shou (233-297), word Chengzuo. A native of Han 'an County, Brazil (now Nanchong, Sichuan). A famous historian of Shu and Han dynasties in the Three Kingdoms and the Western Jin Dynasty.
When Chen Shou was young, he was eager to learn. Learn from Qiao Zhou, a scholar in the same county. In office, he is the chief book guard, the secretariat of Dongguan, the official of Guan Ge, and the assistant minister of Huangmen. At that time, eunuch Huang Hao was authoritarian, and his ministers followed suit.
Chen Shou was repeatedly dismissed because he refused to give in to Huang Hao. After Shu fell to Jin, he worked as a writer, magistrate, scholar and prince. He was demoted and criticized many times in his later years. In the seventh year of Yuankang (297), he died at the age of 65.
In the first year of Taikang (280), after the Jin Dynasty ended the division of Wu, Chen Shou completed the biographical historical masterpiece "The History of the Three Kingdoms" after ten years of hard work. This book completely describes the historical panorama of China from division to unification in the last hundred years from the end of Han Dynasty to the beginning of Jin Dynasty, and is called "the first four histories" together with Historical Records, Hanshu and Houhanshu.
Chen Shou's main work is The History of the Three Kingdoms, which is a biographical and dynastic history, recording the period of opposition between Wei, Shu and Wu. Among them, Shu Wei has 30 volumes, Shu Shu 15 volumes, Wu Shu has 20 volumes and * * * has 65 volumes. It records the 60-year history from 220 AD (the first year of Huang Chu, Wei Wendi) to 280 AD (the first year of Taikang, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty).
Chen Shou was a minister of the State of Jin, who succeeded Wei and won the world, so the history of the Three Kingdoms respected Wei as orthodox. In Shu Wei, Cao Cao wrote a biography, while Shu Shu and Wu Shu just passed it on without discipline. Liu Bei is called a great master, and Sun Quan is called a great master.
This is an example of compiling history books to serve politics, and it is also a feature of the History of the Three Kingdoms. Although Chen Shou respected Wei as orthodox in name, in fact he wrote a Book of Wei Shuwu, which truthfully recorded the tripartite confrontation between the three countries, showing that they were independent, not subordinate to each other and had equal status.
The History of the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou, like the first three histories, is also a private history book. The History of the Three Kingdoms was well received by people at that time after it was written. Chen Shou's narrative is short, the three books are rarely repeated, and the notes are informative. He is also very cautious in the selection of materials, which is valued by historians of past dynasties. Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty, History of Later Han Dynasty and History of the Three Kingdoms are collectively called the first four histories, which are considered as biographical historical masterpieces.
3. Zuo Si (about 250 ~ 305) was born in Linzi, Qi (now Zibo, Shandong). A famous writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, his "Sandu Fu" was praised at that time, resulting in "Luoyang paper is expensive". In addition, his Ode to Epic and Poems of Charming Girls are also famous. His poetic language is concise and clear. Later generations compiled Zuo Taichong Collection.
Zuo Si grew up ugly but talented. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, my sister Juicy Zuo was elected to the palace, and her family moved to Luoyang as a doctor. When Hui Jin proclaimed himself emperor, he was attached to the powerful Jia Mi and was an important member of the literati group of "Twenty-four Friends of Jingu".
In the first year of Yongkang (300 years), he retired to Yichun to concentrate on writing because Krabi was punished. Sima Tang, the late king of Qi, was called the governor of archives, so there was no such thing. In the second year of Taian (303), Zhang Fang attacked Luoyang and moved to Jizhou. He died of illness at the age of 55.
According to "Biography of Zuo Si in the Book of Jin", he wrote Sandu Fu in 10, saying that "the mansion is contending for biography, and Luoyang is expensive for it". The completion time of Zuo Si Biezhuan in Sandu Fu, Zuo Si Zhuan in the Book of Jin and Shi Shuo Xin Yu is quite different. According to Fu Xuancong's textual research, Sandu Fu was written before the destruction of Wu in the first year of Taikang (280).
In addition, modern Jiang Liangfu thinks it is 29 1 (Chronicle of the Continental Plain), while Liu Wenzhong thinks it is "difficult to determine" (Biography of Zuo Si, a famous writer in China). In Preface, Zuo Si criticized predecessors' prose as "extravagant words without proof, although beautiful", and proposed that prose should be based on its origin.
In the process of writing this poem, he asked Zhang Zai, who had been to Sichuan, about Min Qiong. I also want to be a secretary of Lang, so I can read a lot of local chronicles. Therefore, the system of Sandu Fu is grand and the events are extensive.
Although he emphasized that the literary thought of seeking truth from credit information was inevitably extreme, it also made Sandu Fu reflect the social life in the Three Kingdoms period to some extent. After the publication of Sandu Fu, Zhang Hua was amazed and sighed: "The class chapter is also a stream. Let readers have more than enough to do, and update for a long time. "
Huangfu Mi preface, Zhang Zai, Liu Kui note; Brief introduction of Quan Wei. For a time, very rich people competed to write articles, so that "Luoyang paper is expensive." This is not only because of the rich literary talent of Sandu Fu itself and the re-fu in the literary world at that time, but also because it contains the content that attracted the attention of the ruling and opposition parties at that time: marching into Soochow and unifying the whole country.
Although the writing technique and style of this Fu are similar to Ban Gu's Fu for Two Cities and Zhang Heng's Fu for Two Cities, its ideological theme is not the traditional "satirizing one person". Therefore, Sandu Fu occupies an important position in the later great Fu.
Zuo Si also has a lyric poem "Baifafu", which is simple in language, humorous in writing and implicit in feelings, which is completely different from Sandufu. It adopts the allegory of the dialogue between hair and people, and sharply criticizes the social reality of "pursuing fame and profit, being expensive is cheap".
4. Lu Ji (26 1-303) was born in Wuxian, Wu Jun (now Suzhou, Jiangsu). . A famous writer and calligrapher in the Western Jin Dynasty. Wu county Lushi people, Sun Wu prime minister Lu Xun's grandson, the fourth son Afu. Together with his brother Lu Yun, he was also called "Erlu" and "Luoyang Sanjun" with Gu Rong and Lu Yun.
Lu Ji used to be a tooth guard of Sun Wu. After Wu died, he became an official in the Western Jin Dynasty. In the tenth year of Taikang (289), Lu Ji brothers came to Luoyang, and they were very talented and appreciated by Zhang Hua. Since then, their fame has greatly increased. Sometimes there is a saying that "two places enter Los Angeles, and three votes reduce the price". Successively served as a wine-offering chef, Dr. Wu, Dr. Langzhong and Langzhong writer, and became "twenty-four friends of Jingu" with Jia Mi and others.
Sima Lun, the king of Zhao, came to power, was cited as the prime minister to join the army, and was appointed as Guan Zhonghou. When he usurped the throne, he was wrongly appointed. After Sima Lun was executed, he was saved by Sima Ying, the king of Chengdu. From then on, he devoted himself to it and was called "Lu Plain" by the world. In the second year of Tai 'an (303), he was appointed as a post-general and governor of Hebei Province, and led an army to crusade against Wang Sima in Changsha, but was defeated by Qilijian and finally killed and destroyed by three tribes.
Lu Ji's "few wizards, the article is the best in the world", poetry is heavy and painting is heavy, and parallel prose is not bad. Lu Yun and his brother were both famous writers in the Western Jin Dynasty and were known as "Taikang English". The poets in the Western Jin Dynasty, represented by Pan Yue, formed a "Taikang poetic style" and were known as "Pan Jianghai". Lu Ji is also good at calligraphy, and his Ping Fu Tie is the earliest authentic celebrity calligraphy in the Middle Ages.
Lu Ji's composition is harmonious, dual and rich in allusions, which creates a precedent for parallel prose. In order to strengthen the descriptive function of poetry, Lu and Pan applied the sentence pattern of Ci and Fu to poetry, enriching the expressive techniques of poetry. The elements of landscape description in their poems are greatly increased, and parallelism sentences are mainly used to describe landscapes, which plays a leading role in Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao's landscape poems.
The pursuit of gorgeous rhetoric, complicated and meticulous description and the extensive use of parallelism are the main manifestations of Taikang's poetry style. Judging from the law of literary development, it is an inevitable trend to change from simplicity to complexity. As Xiao Tong said, "If you want to hide things and increase China, if you want to change and increase China, there are both things and articles." Lu and Pan developed Cao Zhi's aspect of "adopting Hua Mao", contributed to the development of China's poems, and promoted the development of landscape poems in the Southern Dynasties and the maturity of rhythm and antithesis skills.
5. Pan An (AD 247-AD 300), namely Pan Yue, was named An Ren. Zhongmu people in Henan. Pan An, a famous writer and politician in the Western Jin Dynasty, was named after Du Fu's poem "I'm afraid it's Pan 'an County, so I can't stay".
Later generations called Pan An. Graceful and unknown talent, he is frivolous and tends to be secular and friendly. He used Shi Chong and others to flatter Jia Mi, and every time he came out, he fell behind and worshipped. Together with Shi Chong, Lu Ji, Liu Kun and Zuo Si, they became "twenty-four friends of Krabi", headed by Pan An. Pan An is known as "the most beautiful man in ancient times".
In literature, Pan Yue and Lu Ji are also called "land and sea in Pan Jiang", Zhong Rong's poem says "land mining is like the sea, and Pan Cai is like the river", and Wang Bo's Preface to Wang Tengting says "Please sprinkle Pan Jiang, and pour clouds on each bank."
In literary works, "Shandong cuisine is like the sea, Pan cuisine is like the river" (Preface to Wang Tengting, "Please sprinkle Pan Jiang, and you will pour your cloud") is often used to describe Pan An and Lu Ji, who are first-rate writers in Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Pan An's poems are among the best in Zhong Rong's poems, and Pan An is also the head of "Twenty-four Friends of Jinguyuan", a famous sandwich group in the Western Jin Dynasty. As a representative of the Western Jin Dynasty, his works had a great influence on later generations, especially Mourning Poems, which became the first mourning theme in the history of China literature and the first in the history of ancient China literature.
"Idle Living" and "Autumn Flourishing" are also very famous. In novels, "looks like Pan An" is often used to describe a person's literary talent and outstanding appearance. Especially men. In that era of Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, good writing was the highest achievement of literati. Pan An's poems such as Autumn Flourishing, Living Idlely and Borrowing Land were beautiful and full of emotion, which was the peak of that era.
Pan An and Lu Ji are the writers whose works have been handed down from generation to generation in the Western Jin Dynasty, which shows that they are highly respected by later generations. The greatest feature of Pan Yue's works is emotion, and readers can appreciate his thoughts from every sentence he makes. Pan Yue's delicate feelings and sentimentality are also integrated into his works, which is rare in the works of ordinary male writers.
The main works are mourning poems, autumn prosperity poems, leisure poems, mourning poems, Canghai poems, climbing the tiger mountain, narrow room poems, nostalgia poems and so on.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Tao Yuanming (Poet of Eastern Jin Dynasty)
Baidu Encyclopedia-Chen Shou (Historian of Western Jin Dynasty)
Baidu Encyclopedia-Zuo Si
Baidu encyclopedia-luji
Baidu Encyclopedia-Pan An (writer of Western Jin Dynasty)