Unit 1 Ancient Reform, Ideological and Cultural Achievements and Scientific and Technological Achievements
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Memorize the purpose, main contents and significance of Shang Yang's political reform; Understand the thought of a hundred schools of thought contending; Memorize four great inventions and four classic novels, establish patriotic beliefs, and enhance national self-esteem, self-confidence and pride; By understanding the evolution of Chinese characters, we can understand the long history of Chinese civilization; Master the contents of architectural wonders such as Zhao Zhouqiao, and feel the wisdom and creativity of ancient working people.
Interpretation of examination syllabus
The Reforms of Shang Yang
Objective: To develop the feudal economy. ? (2) Main contents: (In 356 BC, Shang Yang carried out political reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong) (1) The state recognized the private ownership of land and allowed it to be bought and sold freely. (2) Reward agriculture and abolish the privileges of slave owners and nobles. (3) establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to manage the place. (3) Historical role: (Shang Yang: If the world is not ruled together, the country is not right. )
Hundred schools of thought (a hundred schools of thought contend in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period)
school
figure
period
Main idea
Representative works and their influence
Confucianists
Confucius
the Spring and Autumn Period
Benevolence, love, and rule the country by virtue; Teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and learn new things by reviewing old ones.
The founder of Confucianism, a great thinker and educator, his remarks were included in The Analects.
Mencius
Warring States period
People value the monarch, kindness and protection of resources.
This speech was collected in Mencius.
dao jia xue pai
Laozi
the Spring and Autumn Period
Opposing parties can transform each other.
Founder of Taoist school and author of Tao Te Ching.
Zhuangzi
Warring States period
Despise wealth and hate injustice
Write "Zhuangzi"
mohists
Mozi
Warring States period
Fraternity and non-aggression
Legalist school
Han Fei
Warring States period
Oppose benevolent government, advocate the rule of law and centralize power.
Everything is wrong.
Military strategist
Kurt Sun
the Spring and Autumn Period
A clear and thorough understanding of both sides ensures victory in games, competitions or wars.
The Art of War is the earliest art book in the world.
Understand the "four great inventions" and the contribution of China's ancient scientific and technological inventions to the development of world civilization.
(1) Papermaking: Paper was invented in the early Western Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking, and people called his improved paper "Cai Hou Paper".
⑵ Printing: The Diamond Sutra printed in the Tang Dynasty is the earliest printed matter with clear time record in the world. In the middle of Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing, which was more than 400 years earlier than Europe.
⑶ Compass: The compass was made in the Song Dynasty and introduced to Europe by Arabs in the Southern Song Dynasty, which provided important conditions for global navigation and the discovery of the new continent.
(4) Gunpowder: It was first used in the military in the Tang Dynasty and was widely used in the military in the Song Dynasty. From13rd century to14th century, firearms were introduced to Arabia and Europe.
Four Great Classical Novels's novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms; Shi Naian's Water Margin; Journey to the West, Wu Cheng'en; Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions.
The evolution of Chinese characters
(1) Oracle Bone Inscriptions: Shang people carved characters on tortoise shells or animal bones. This kind of writing is called Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Chinese characters developed from it. Since the Shang Dynasty, the history of our country has been recorded in reliable words.
(2) Bronze inscriptions: Some bronzes in Shang Dynasty have characters cast on them, which are called bronze inscriptions.
⑶ Xiao Zhuan and Li Shu: After the unification of Qin Dynasty, Xiao Zhuan was used as a national standard font. In Han Dynasty, official script was widely used.
(4) Cursive script, regular script and running script: cursive script and regular script were formed at the end of Han Dynasty, and then running script appeared. During the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty, cursive script, regular script and running script tended to be mature.
Ancient architectural wonders
(1) Ming Great Wall: Jiayuguan in the west and Yalu River in the east.
⑵ Grand Canal: It was dug in the Sui Dynasty, running through the north and south, with Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south. From north to south, it is divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou River and Jiangnan River, connecting five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers. This is the longest canal in the ancient world. It embodies the hard work, wisdom and great creativity of the working people in our country.
⑶ Zhao Zhouqiao: Li Chun, an outstanding craftsman in Sui Dynasty, designed and presided over the construction. Zhao Zhouqiao is the oldest existing large stone arch bridge in the world.
(4) The Forbidden City in Beijing: Built on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty was the capital of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It consists of Miyagi, Imperial City and Beijing. Miyagi, also known as the Forbidden City, is the core of Beijing.