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How did Jiang Wei explore the North? In the official history, is it really for nothing?
Many of the details of Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition are obscure due to the fuzziness of historical books. Some of them are still fragments to be discovered, while others have no truth to be found.

First, during the reign of Jiang Wan

For example, historical records: In the first year of Yan Xi (238), Jiang Wei and Jiang Wan lived in Hanzhong. Wan moved to Fu, took Wei as Sima, and led the army westward. ?

Jiang Wan wanted to inherit Zhuge Liang's legacy and continue the Northern Expedition, but he didn't have Zhuge Liang's prestige and was sickly, so he could only give Jiang Wei limited support.

Since I entered the west several times, what was the result, victory or defeat? Shu Wei and Shu Shu are both vague.

Shu Shu only named Liu Chan by Jiang Wan. Besides, Qiang Hu was thirsty, and once again he entered Qiang, and Guo Huai was a patrol. Considering its length, Jiang Wei should be regarded as the secretariat of Liangzhou. ? What is that? Jiang Wei partial army into qiang? It was successful that Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, was defeated in Wei, and Jiang Wan commended Jiang Wei and recommended him to lead the secretariat of Liangzhou.

With the support of Jiang Wan, Jiang Wei harassed Longxi many times, but the history books were avoided.

It is also recorded in Pei Songzhi's Notes on the Three Kingdoms:? In September 238 AD, Liao Chun (Liao Hua), the prefect of Shu, rebelled and attacked the Houdang mushroom camp in Shanqiang. Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, sent Wang Yun, the satrap of Wei, and Wang Yun, the satrap of Nan 'an, to make the soldiers fight for the Chun Yi army, which was broken by Chun. He was killed by a flow vector. ? This battle is probably a kind of Jiang Wei's Western Expedition, that is, Liao Hua took a few soldiers to attack the Qiang people (Shou Shan and Qiang Hou) who joined Wei, induced Wei Jun to play, and then Jiang Wei defeated him with elite.

Jiang Wei's main rival, Guo Huai, is also a famous Wei, and both of them win and lose. Guo is inferior to Jiang, and Jiang is inferior to Guo.

Shu Wei also recorded another time: in the first year of Zhengshi (240), Jiang Wei, the general of Shu, left Longxi. Huai led the troops out, chased the Qiang, and lost. Then let Qiang fans wait, pressed more than 3 thousand soft feet, and pulled them out to consolidate Guanzhong. General, move to the left. ? Wei and Shu armies did not confront each other head-on. Jiang Wei led a partial division to enter, with few troops. It is impossible to stay in Qiang for a long time. It should be that Jiang Wei chose to retreat in time after achieving certain results (probably eliminating the local Wei Shoujun). Guo Huai's reinforcements came late and conveniently moved the local ethnic tribes to Guanzhong as a credit.

Jiang Wei's partial teacher should have gone to the west more than these times, and the others have disappeared.

Second, during Fay's administration.

After the death of Jiang Wan, Fei Yi, who opposed the Northern Expedition, came to power. Fei Yi often refuses to make decisions and does not recruit soldiers, with less than 10,000. ? That is, when Fei Yi was alive, Jiang Wei could only take a few thousand men at most. What can this person do in the face of tens of thousands of Wei Jun in Longyou, so the results are not as good as those in Jiang Wan's period.

In 246, Qiang people in Longxi, Nan 'an, Jincheng, Xiping and other places rebelled, attacked the city and plundered the land, and conquered Shu soldiers in the south. Hu Zhi, a famous Liangzhou, rebelled without clothes. Make the commander-in-chief of the Shu army guard the fort and take the wing (Guo). Huai Zewei will attack the tyrant (Jiang). Will attack the wing, Huai junshun, Wei retreat. ? In other words, Wei first encountered a lot of trouble. The Qiang people in Liang Yong rebelled and turned to Jiang Wei for help. Jiang Wei was short of troops, so he evaded reality and attacked Xia Houba, which was isolated by Wei Jun. As a result, Guo Huai arrived in time, and Jiang Wei took the initiative to retreat.

In 247, when Wei Jun was busy suppressing the Qiang people, Jiang Wei went to the stack to meet them? Isn't Liangzhou famous Hu Zhi wearing it? He also sent Liao Hua to build a city in Zhongshan, a city near the Qiang boundary, to accommodate the scattered Qiang tribes in Wei Jun. Guo Huai asked Xia Houba to pursue Jiang Wei and attack Liao Hua himself. But what happened after the official war? Shu Wei didn't write in detail. Shu Shu is the same: (Jiang Wei) went out of Longxi, Nan 'an and Jincheng again, and fought with Wei generals Guo Huai and Xia Houba in Taoxi. Hu didn't wait until Dai dismissed the tribe, but it was safe. ? The fighting between the armies of Wei and Shu was not mentioned.

But this is clearly recorded in Huayang Guozhi:? Horse beyond Longxi, and Huai, war, grams. ? It can be seen that Jiang Weixian defeated Xia Houba who pursued him, then reinforced Liao Hua and defeated Guo Huai. He also returned to Shu smoothly, and Jiang Wei successfully realized his intention to send troops. It's really not easy for thousands of his people. If Fei Yi hadn't been so conservative and led the northern expedition, it's hard to say whether Wei could hold Yongzhou.

In 249 AD, civil strife broke out in Wei, Sima Yi came to power, and Xia Houba, Jiang Wei's old rival, surrendered to Shu. Jiang Wei took the opportunity to join forces with Qiang Hu of Yongzhou to send troops to attack several surrounding counties, and sent Jia An and Li Xin, the gatekeepers, to build a city in Qushan, hoping to do a great job.

The Han army built a city by the mountain, which was easy to defend but difficult to attack, but it was inconvenient to take water.

However, Wei Jun besieged Wei to save Zhao, with Yongzhou as the secretariat of Chen Tai, begging Shu to protect Xu Zhi, and Nan 'an satrap Deng Ai to encircle Qu Mountain City, thus cutting off water. Jiang Wei abandoned the siege of the county and led the army to rescue. Chen Tai surrendered without a fight. After Guo Huai, the general of the Western Expedition, bypassed Jiang Wei to Taoshui, Jiang Wei had to withdraw, and Ann and Li Xin surrendered.

Wei Jun cut off the water supply, which made the Han army repeat the mistakes of street kiosks.

This time, Jiang Wei suffered a small loss, but the loss was not great, because the keeper was only an officer with hundreds of people under his command. Guo Huaigang turned to attack Hu Qiang who was in cahoots with Jiang Wei. Jiang Wei killed a comeback, but Guo Huai left Wargo to station troops on the north bank of Baishui. Jiang Wei sent Liao Hua to camp on the south bank of Baishui to contain Wargo, and personally led an army to attack Taocheng on the north bank of Baishui. Wargo saw through Jiang Wei's plan and rushed back to Taocheng overnight. When Jiang Wei saw that Taocheng was guarding, he immediately withdrew.

This time Jiang Wei was only a few thousand people, but Guo Huai learned a lesson and knew that Jiang Wei was too fierce in the field, so he didn't fight his main force from beginning to end.

In 250, Jiang Wei went very far and attacked xiping county in Liangzhou, far from the gate of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but he didn't shoot it down, only Guo Xiu, a local celebrity, was captured alive. And Guo Xiu three years later (Jiang Wei didn't send troops in these three years, perhaps Fei Yi gave Jiang Wei a greater suppression through the surrender of Jushan City), assassinated Fei Yi, the biggest obstacle to the Northern Expedition, and Jiang Wei was finally free.

Third, Chen Zhi is in power.

In the year of Fei Yi's death, Zhuge Ke, Wu Dongcheng, led an army of 200,000 troops to attack Nan 'an County, and Jiang Wei took the opportunity to attack Nan 'an County with tens of thousands of people. The invasion was too hasty this time, and it didn't take long for the troops to retreat because of running out of food and grass, and Wei reinforcements hadn't arrived yet.

Chen Hao was regarded as a traitor by history books, but he supported Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition.

In the second year (254), Li Jian, the county magistrate of Didao, Longxi County, Wei led the people to surrender (Sima Shi killed Li Feng in the same year, and Li Jian may be a relative of Li Feng). Jiang Wei sent troops to meet the enemy and entered the surrounding counties to help Wu. Xu Chu asked Shu to guard the soldiers and lead the troops to resist being killed. Wei Jun was defeated. However, Jiang Wei failed to put down his martial arts and had to move all the residents of Heguan, Didao and Lintao to Shu.

Xu Zhi, Wei's garrison, is second only to General Zheng and the general of the secretariat. He didn't know Jiang Wei's brave martial arts, so he was defeated and killed.

This time, Jiang Wei captured almost half of Longxi County, and the harvest was much greater than Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition. At that time, Zhuge Liang only moved into more than a thousand families in Xixian County after the defeat of Jieting. It can be seen that Jiang Wei's combat goal is often not limited to being stationed in the land destroyed by war and difficult to defend. As a result of the war, on the surface, the territory of Shu did not expand. In fact, all the border people of Wei moved to Shu. This land is not only out of the actual control of the country, but also unable to contribute various forms of resources such as people and things to the country. It can be said that Jiang Wei's strategic thinking is quite flexible, and this nomadic attack is just suitable for the situation at that time.

Wang Jing, the secretariat of Yongzhou, fought against Jiang Wei for the first time, and also risked fighting with Jiang Wei in other places. As a result, he was almost completely annihilated.

In 255, Jiang Wei led Xia Houba and others to attack the broken Longxi County again, and Wei Yong's secretariat Wang Jing personally led Wei Jun's main force to fight Jiang Wei in Taoxi. As a result, tens of thousands of people were killed and surrendered, leaving only more than 10 thousand people to flee back to Didao City. Jiang Wei took advantage of the situation and surrounded Didao. The general of Anxi, Wargo, suggested abandoning Wang Jing, while the general of Anxi, Chen Tai, insisted on leading the rescue. Jiang Wei had set an ambush on Longxi Mountain Road, but Chen Tai made a detour south to bypass the ambush, quickly entered the vicinity of the drip, and bluffed on the mountain. Jiang Wei didn't know the truth, so he chose to retreat carefully. Chen Tai came at the right time, because Wang Jing has? Food is less than ten days? If it is ten days later, everything will be over for Wei, and the troops stationed in Yongzhou will be wiped out. Losing a state? .

It is no exaggeration to say that this battle was the greatest victory of all wars in which Shu Han attacked Cao Wei. Not only did Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang never fight such a big annihilation war in the Northern Expedition, but it is also rare to wipe out tens of thousands of people at one time in the history of the Three Kingdoms, which shows that Jiang Wei's tactical ability is excellent and Han Shu's army's field ability is also very strong. Unfortunately, Jiang Wei's strategic vision is limited. If Wei invades the East with combat power, then according to the reality of Liyang's grain accumulation, he will release his troops and accept them, recruit Qiang Hu and fight for the four counties in the East. Then it is difficult to protect Longxi, Nan 'an, Tianshui and Guangwei counties in the westernmost part of Yongzhou.

Jiang Wei was defeated by Duan Gu, probably because of the complicated terrain and was ambushed, just like Zhang Fei broke Zhang He in those days.

Because Wei suffered heavy losses, Jiang Wei did not withdraw his troops as usual, but continued to be stationed in Longxi County, preparing to attack Nan 'an and Tianshui eastward. He agreed with Hu Ji, the general of Zhenxi, who was stationed in Hanzhong, that the two armies would meet in Shangyuan County, Tianshui County. However, Hu Ji stood me up. As a result, Jiang Wei was defeated by Wargo and suffered heavy losses. He had to withdraw his army and return to Shu.

Hu Ji stood me up, but Jiang's strength still surpassed Wargo's, and the details of the defeat could not be verified. It can only be said that Jiang Wei's tactical ability should be inferior to that of Wargo.

After being repeatedly defeated by Jiang Wei, Wei Jun finally knew that the best way to deal with Jiang Wei was to pretend to be a turtle and not insist.

In 257, Jiang Wei took advantage of Zhuge Dan's rebellion in Huainan and the emptiness in Guanzhong, and led tens of thousands of people to March from Luogu to conquer Shen Ling (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi) and push the troops into Weihe River. Sima Wang and Wargo assembled troops at the local Great Wall. The two armies were at loggerheads for six months. In 258, Zhuge Dan was defeated, and Jiang Wei led the troops back.

The Great Wall was the old Great Wall during the Warring States Period, with Huayin County as the southernmost point, crossing Weishui to the north, passing through Dali, Pucheng, Baishui, Chengcheng, Heyang and Hancheng, and reaching the northernmost point of the west bank of the Yellow River, that is, hundreds of miles east of Xi 'an today. It shows that although Jiang Wei did not capture Chang 'an, the surrounding areas of Chang 'an have been basically wiped out. However, Wei's defensive tactics worked in a short time. The stronghold of the Great Wall was not captured by the Shu army, and Tongguan, a strategic place further east, was not threatened. Jiang Wei had no choice but to withdraw.

Fourth, during the reign of Fan Ju and Zhuge Zhan.

What we can notice is that during the Northern Expedition, Chen Hao, the ruling party that always supported or connived at Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition, died, and his successors Fan Ju and Zhuge Zhan were anti-Northern Expedition, so Jiang Wei failed to make another Northern Expedition for four years.

In 262, Jiang Wei sent troops to attack Tao Yang again. At this time, the demand for the Northern Expedition in Shu and Han was very high, and even Liao Hua, who had been following Jiang Wei for a long time, expressed opposition. As a result, there was a battle with Wargo in Houhe. Wei said it was a victory, and the result was not much. Since then, Jiang Wei had to avoid the stack because he offended the right officer Huang Hao.

conclusion

Generally speaking, Jiang Wei is good at tactics, shorter than strategy, longer than field operations and shorter than siege, so although he has achieved great results, he has never been able to turn them into strategic victories. There was an opportunity to overcome harmony and forge ahead in Guanzhong, but it was a pity that it was missed.