In 960, the generals of the later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, and established Songzhou as the emperor of German Zhao Kuangyin, thus establishing the Song Dynasty. [2] In order to avoid the chaotic situation of the separatist regime and eunuch's authoritarian power in the late Tang Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin adopted a policy of emphasizing the suppression of military power, strengthening centralization and depriving military commanders of military power. After Song Taizong succeeded to the throne, the whole country was unified, and after forming a single-source alliance with Liao, he gradually stepped into the rule of the world. 1 125, the state of Jin invaded the south on a large scale, which led to the shame of Jingkang and the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Gou, King of Kang, ascended the throne in Yingtianfu and established the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Shaoxing peace talks, the Qin Mausoleum-Huaihe River was the boundary with the State of Jin, which was jointly destroyed by Mongolia in 1234, song and yuan war broke out in 1235, Lin 'an was captured by the Yuan Dynasty in 1276, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished after the sea battle at Yashan. [3]
Song Dynasty was an era of high prosperity in commodity economy, culture, education and scientific innovation in the history of China [4]. In the third year of Xianping (1 000), China's total GDP was $26.55 billion [5], accounting for 22.7% of the world's total economy, and its per capita GDP was $450, exceeding that of Western Europe at that time. [6] Although later generations thought that the Song Dynasty was "poor and weak" [7], the people's wealth and social and economic prosperity in the Song Dynasty far exceeded that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. [8]
Neo-Confucianism rose in Song Dynasty, Confucianism revived, science and technology developed rapidly, politics was enlightened, there was no serious eunuch dictatorship and warlord regime, and the number and scale of mutiny and civil strife were relatively small in China history. The rice-growing population in Zhancheng increased rapidly in the Northern Song Dynasty, from 3,765,438+million in the fifth year of Taiping Xingguo (980) to1260,000 in the sixth year of Xuanhe (124). [9]
Historian Chen said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties. [10- 1 1] "Among western and Japanese historians, many scholars believe that the Song Dynasty was the Renaissance and economic revolution in China's history. [ 12- 13]
The Song Dynasty was founded more than 300 years ago and was overthrown twice, both because of foreign invasion. This is the only dynasty that did not die of civil strife. [