2. The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 [1]) was the last Central Plains dynasty established by the Han nationality in the history of China. In the Ming Dynasty, handicraft industry and commodity economy were developed and the economy was prosperous, and commercial market towns and capitalist buds appeared. Culture and art show the trend of secularization. In terms of population, the population of Ming Dynasty recorded in Ming History is more than 70 million. Ming Dynasty is another powerful Central Plains dynasty after Han, Tang and Song Dynasties. There were no consorts in the Han Dynasty, no princes in the Tang Dynasty and no coins in the Song Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty. The emperor protected the country and the king died. Shi Ming, a history book of the Qing Dynasty, commented that the Ming Dynasty was "ruling the Tang and Song Dynasties" and "taking the Han and Tang Dynasties far away". 3. The Qing Dynasty (1636— 19 12) was the second unified political power established by ethnic minorities in the history of China and the last feudal monarchy in China. 16 16 years, Nuerhachi, the leader of the Jurchen Department of Jianzhou, established the late Jin Dynasty. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Daqing. After three dynasties in Kang Yong, it developed to Ding Feng. During this period, the multi-ethnic unified country was consolidated, which basically laid the territory of China, and at the same time, the absolute monarchy reached its peak. 9 1 1 year, the revolution of 1911 broke out and the Qing dynasty collapsed. 19 12, the Qing emperor was forced to abdicate. From then on, the feudal monarchy of China for more than two thousand years ended. How many years did the Qing Dynasty rule China? How many years did the Qing dynasty rule? When did the Qing Dynasty perish? How many years did you rule? What is the history of the Qing Dynasty? The Qing dynasty has a history of 276 years (1636- 19 12).
16 16, Nurhachi established Houjin in Hetuala, which broke away from the rule of the Ming Dynasty. Although the Ming Dynasty sent troops to attack Houjin many times, they were all defeated. 1636, Huang taiji changed his country name to Daqing in Shenyang, and officially began the war of destroying Ming Dynasty. 1644, after Li Zicheng captured Beijing, Wu Sangui, the company commander far away in Shanhaiguan, led the Qing army into the customs in the name of revenge for Ming Di. Then began the war to unify the whole country.
The Qing Dynasty was the last unified feudal dynasty in the history of China, and the three dynasties in Kang Yong reached their peak. During this period, all aspects of China society reached the acme under the original institutional framework, with the greatest reform, the strongest national strength, social stability, rapid economic development, rapid population growth and vast territory.
The multi-ethnic country was unified and consolidated. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty unified the ministries of Mongolia, incorporated Xinjiang and Tibet into the territory, and implemented the policy of improving soil and returning to China in the southwest. Finally, the territory of modern China was determined, and the integrity of the country's territorial sovereignty was actively safeguarded. But feudal autocracy also reached its peak.
In the middle and late period, due to political rigidity, cultural autocracy, closed door, ideological imprisonment, scientific and technological stagnation and other factors, it gradually fell behind the West.
After the Opium War, it was invaded by foreign powers and its sovereignty and territory were seriously lost. It also began the exploration of modernization and carried out modernization reforms such as the Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898. The Sino-Japanese War and Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China further deepened the national crisis. In the late Qing Dynasty, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
19 12 February 12, Yuan Shikai, the minister of Beiyang, induced Pu Yi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty who had been in power for six years, to abdicate, and issued a letter of abdication, thus ending the Qing Dynasty.
There was no national flag or national anthem in Qing Dynasty. After modern times, with the communication with western countries, some concepts of western countries were gradually introduced, including national flag and national anthem. In the 14th year of Guangxu reign (1888), the Qing government recognized the Red Pearl Map of Yellow Land Blue Dragon Play (commonly known as "Huanglong Banner" in Qing Dynasty) as the national flag of Qing Dynasty.
In the early Qing Dynasty, the Qing army was mainly divided into the Eight Banners and green camp. The Eight Banners system is based on Nurhachi's records in integration of defense and civilian technologies. The Eight Banners are divided into Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Army Eight Banners. The flag is located in Dutong (Gushan Ejina), controlled by the central government of Bapu Xu Tong, and the local governor has no right to levy it.
In the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), the emperor shunzhi reformed the Eight Banners system, and personally mastered the yellow flag, the yellow flag and the white flag, forming the "upper three flags" and the "lower five flags", which changed the situation that the Eight Banners were controlled by different governors, strengthened the strength of the upper three flags and weakened the power of the Manchu Conference to discuss state affairs.