Teaching objectives
Summarize four great inventions of ancient china's knowledge and skills, and understand the contribution of China's scientific and technological inventions to the development of world civilization; Process and method Make full use of library, museum, Internet and other resources. The ability to collect and process science and technology to acquire new knowledge.
Through this course, we can learn emotions, attitudes and values, and understand the wisdom of the Chinese nation and its great contribution to the world. Through the understanding of scientific and technological knowledge, we can learn the indomitable spirit of ancient Chinese scientists and cultivate the spirit of advocating science.
Emphasis and difficulty of teaching: the main achievements of ancient scientific and technological development
Difficulties: The contribution of China's scientific and technological inventions to the development of world civilization.
Teaching time is 2 hours.
teaching process
Introduction of New Curriculum: A sentence by Robert Temple, a famous American scholar, in China —— The Country of Invention. If the Nobel Prize is established in ancient China, then the winners of all the prizes undoubtedly belong to the open question of the people of China: Which scientific and technological inventions in ancient China do you think are most likely to win the Nobel Prize? Teacher's summary: Paper-making, compass, gunpowder and printing are called four great inventions of ancient china, which are the symbols of China's ancient civilization and have had a far-reaching impact on the development of the whole world civilization.
Grant new permissions:
1. Papermaking guides students to read textbooks, and analyzes and summarizes the development and evolution of ancient writing materials in China. (Oracle Bone Inscriptions used in Shang Dynasty-bronzes used in Western Zhou Dynasty-bamboo slips, wooden calves and silks used in Spring and Autumn Period-hemp paper used in Western Han Dynasty-fiber paper used in Eastern Han Dynasty; )
Q: When was the earliest paper found in China? Who made a major improvement in papermaking later? What is the significance and function of the improvement of papermaking?
(1) Paper was already used in the Western Han Dynasty. (2) Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
What historical information can be obtained from archaeological and official records?
1. Know the process of making paper: it appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty and was improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
2. Dissemination: In 75 1 year, there was a conflict between the Tang Dynasty and the Arab Empire, and the Arabs captured China craftsmen who knew how to make paper. Soon, papermaking gradually spread all over the Arab world, where paper was widely used and then spread to North America and Europe through Arab countries.
3. Influence
Materials: Before papermaking in China was introduced to Europe, Europeans used parchment as a substitute. It is said that copying a Bible requires the skins of more than 300 sheep, which is expensive. Therefore, at that time, European libraries locked books on the table with chains to avoid losing them; Students can't afford books at school. -Qian Weichang's Scientific and Technological Inventions in the History of China ① Function: Revolutionary progress has been made in the recording, storage, dissemination and inheritance of information.
② Status: Among the four great inventions in ancient times, the invention of paper had the longest influence on civilization and social progress, and its positive effect was the most significant.
Second, the progress of printing Understand the invention and evolution of ancient printing technology in China. (Tang Dynasty woodblock printing-Song Dynasty clay movable type printing-Yuan Dynasty wood movable type printing and wheel typesetting printing-Ming Dynasty copper movable type printing)
1, the evolution of printing before the invention of printing, people copied books by hand, which was time-consuming and laborious, and easy to make mistakes. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, inspired by seal cutting and rubbings, people carved words on wooden boards, making them reverse lettering. Then brush ink, spread paper and print one by one, which greatly facilitates the spread of culture.
"Diamond Sutra" volume is the earliest block printing with clear printing date in the world, with clear ink and skillful knife cutting.
It is concluded that (1) Tang Dynasty-woodblock printing appeared.
In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, it took10.3 million pieces to carve the Buddhist classic Tripitaka, and it took10.2 years. During the reign of Yongzheng and Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, there were 79,036 Buddhist scriptures, weighing about 480 tons, which took four years. Question: What are the disadvantages of block printing? So how did future generations solve it? (
(2) the northern song dynasty-Bi Sheng clay type printing.
(3) Wang Zhen invented wooden movable type and wheeled typesetting board in Yuan Dynasty.
(4) In the middle of Ming Dynasty, bronze movable type appeared (the largest is the ancient and modern collection of books in Qing Dynasty).
2. Dissemination: 14 and 15 centuries spread to the west through Persia. /kloc-In the 5th century, Germany produced metal movable type under the influence of Chinese movable type printing.
3. Impact:
Historical link: Martin Luther once called printing "the supreme gift of God, which makes the gospel spread better". Printing is called "the mother of civilization". What is the significance of the invention and progress of printing to world civilization? It is of great significance to the popularization of culture and the progress of world civilization. In particular, it created conditions for the emergence of the Middle Ages and Renaissance in out of the dark, Europe. )
Third, the compass and direction determination technology
At present, the compass invented by China has been widely used in the peace construction of all countries in the world. Aviation, navigation, mining and exploration are all inseparable from the compass. Even primary and middle school students often carry a small compass in their backpacks when they go hiking.
1 The appearance of compass is the general name of a series of ancient guiding instruments.
① Warring States Period: "Sinan" ② Northern Song Dynasty: a. A kind of guide fish was mentioned in the military scientific work "General Theory of Jason Wu". It is made of thin iron leaves, magnetized by geomagnetic field, and then guides the fish to float on the water, so it can point to the south. Shen Kuo, a scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, recorded the technology of making a compass by rubbing a steel needle with a magnet in Meng Qian's Bi Tan.
(3) Southern Song Dynasty: In The Stone Forest, the popular fish guides-woodcut fish guides and turtle guides were also introduced. ④ Qing dynasty: compass
2. Propagation of Compass: The compass was introduced to Arabia by sea from the end of 12 to the beginning of 13, and then to Europe.
3. The application and significance of compass technology
Links to historical materials: a guide to geography by boat, watching the stars at night, watching the sun during the day, and watching the gloom-[Northern Song Dynasty] Zhu Zhu can speak.
Ships come and go, but the compass is the rule. Watching around the clock is a matter of respect, but it is a matter of life and death! -[Southern Song Dynasty] Zhao Zhufanzhi
If Europeans don't borrow China's compass and stern rudder, it is impossible for Europeans to achieve a cultural and economic sweep across most parts of the world. -Needham's History of Ancient Science and Technology in China Marx: "The compass opened the world market and established a colony."
Q: What historical information can be obtained from the above historical materials?
(1) Books in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty recorded that China seagoing ships used compasses to identify their directions. (Compass should be used to determine the direction)
(2) It provides technical conditions for the opening of new sea routes, is conducive to the overseas expansion of European colonial forces, and promotes the development of European capitalism.
(3) Breaking the isolation of the world and promoting the formation of the world market.
Fourth, the invention and use of gunpowder.
Starting with the name of gunpowder, this paper reveals the source of gunpowder-alchemy.
Students read the textbook, summarize the brief process of gunpowder invention, form concise clues and improve their ability of generalization and induction. Invention and application of gunpowder
Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Charcoal Knowledge
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: knowledge of sulfur and saltpeter
Han Dynasty: Understanding of the Nature of Carbon, Sulfur and Nitrate
Eastern Jin Dynasty: "gunpowder" has been mentioned in Ge Hong's "Bao Pu Zi Xian Yao" (the earliest)
From the Late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty: gunpowder arrows, cannons and fireballs
Ming dynasty: mines, mines, time bombs
2. Impact: Materials: Without gunpowder, the mining industry cannot develop, and modern buildings such as rivers, canals, railways and highways will be difficult to build; Many technological developments have also been stifled, and human life is bound to be rewritten. Without gunpowder invented by China, Europeans would have to shed more blood to break the feudal castles in the Middle Ages. The use of gunpowder and firearms, on the one hand, helped the European bourgeoisie defeat the feudal aristocracy, on the other hand, promoted the development of European mining and metal manufacturing. -American scholar Dirk Hyde
(1) Change the way humans fight: The era of cold weapons has entered the era of hot weapons.
(2) The influence on European bourgeois revolution: it became an important weapon for the bourgeoisie to defeat feudal forces.
According to relevant data, from the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century, the proportion of China in the world's major scientific and technological achievements has been above 54%, but by the 9th century, it had dropped to only 0.4%. This is a difficult problem that Joseph Needham has long felt incredible and confused. Needham puzzle: Although China made many important contributions to the development of human science and technology in ancient times, why did modern science and technology and industrial revolution not happen in China but were born in Europe? "
At the same time, teachers can also quote the following materials to further illustrate that Lu Xun said in "Advantages and Disadvantages of Electricity": "Foreign countries use gunpowder as bullets to defend against the enemy, but China uses it as firecrackers to worship the gods; Foreign countries use a compass to sail, but China uses it to see Feng Shui; Foreign countries use opium to treat diseases, but China uses opium as a meal. " .
Summary: The four great inventions of ancient China greatly promoted the development of the whole world civilization, but in China, due to the different social environment, the four great inventions did not play their due role! Today's people in China have learned this lesson and made scientific and technological achievements under the guidance of the idea of rejuvenating the country through science and education and that science and technology are the primary productive forces.
blackboard-writing design
work arrangement
Teaching reflection
Second, the ancient art of China
Teaching objectives
Knowledge and Skills Through learning, we can learn about the rich and colorful art categories and types in ancient China, as well as the ancient culture and art in China with a long history and a collection of masterpieces. Understand and master the basic context of the development of ancient calligraphy and painting in China.
Process and Methods Students can appreciate China's famous paintings and Peking Opera, and feel the beauty of artistic conception of calligraphy, painting and Peking Opera. Through this course, we can learn about the rich and colorful art in ancient China and improve our ability to appreciate, discover and appreciate beauty. Teaching focuses on understanding the development and characteristics of China's calligraphy and painting and Peking Opera.
Difficulties in teaching cultivate students' interest in learning ancient art and artistic imagination; Enhance students' ability to appreciate beauty, appreciate beauty and create beauty.
Teaching time is 2 hours.
teaching process
Displaying the emblem of Beijing Olympic Games: China and India dancing in Beijing. Display of written materials: Evaluation by foreign experts: I have been looking for such a model, that is, when people on the other side of the world see it for the first time, they will think it belongs to China, which can convey a sense of modernity based on a long history and tradition.
The teacher asked: What artistic features did this pattern incorporate in China?
Students answer: calligraphy, seal cutting, etc. This leads to the theme of introducing the ancient art of China. In the pursuit and creation of beauty, ancient people in China produced various artistic forms with unique styles and superb artistic achievements: calligraphy, painting, music, dance and opera.
First, "the calligraphy art of' ghosts'"
China's calligraphy art is a unique art with the literal meaning of Chinese characters in China as its content and the writing in a certain font as its form. All countries in the world have their own characters, but only the writing of Chinese characters has evolved into a unique art.
The teacher asked: What do you think is the key reason for this phenomenon?
According to the students' answers, the key lies in the richness, quantity and variety of Chinese characters. The font characteristics and development of Chinese characters provide the premise and conditions for the emergence of calligraphy art.
1, the origin and evolution of Chinese characters: Calligraphy is the art of writing Chinese characters, which is closely related to their development. The teacher asked: When did China characters appear? What is the evidence?
Origin: The legend of Cangjie's word-making shows that there may have been words in China in primitive times, but this is only a legend, which does not prove that there must have been words in China at that time.
The earliest mature writing: Oracle Bone Inscriptions, with the archaeological excavation of Yin Ruins as evidence, the appearance of China writing has been proved by reliable history. Evolution: Oracle Bone Inscriptions is the earliest written language in China. With the emergence of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Chinese characters have been evolving and developing. The evolution of Chinese characters: bronze inscription-seal script-official script-cursive script-regular script-running script.
Seal script: Xiao seal script was founded in Qin dynasty, with slightly longer font, even strokes and beautiful patterns; After the establishment of the Qin dynasty, the practice of "writing in the same language" was implemented, and Xiao Zhuan became the official font. It has a great influence on the development history of China characters. The popular official script in Qin dynasty is easier to write.
Lishu: It began in Qin Dynasty and matured in Han and Wei Dynasties. Its font structure is balanced, symmetrical, neat and stable.
Regular script: formed in the late Han Dynasty, with square fonts and strict rules;
Running script: It became popular in Jin Dynasty, and it is a font between regular script and cursive script. It has the advantages of regular script and cursive script, neat, clear and lively. Cursive script: rich in variety, unrestrained and uninhibited, it can best express and express the feelings of calligraphers. Through the evolution of Chinese characters in the same strain, the general characteristics of the evolution of Chinese characters are summarized: from complexity to simplicity, from pictographic to ideographic. This also provides certain conditions for the emergence of calligraphy.
2. The development and evolution of calligraphy and famous calligraphers:
Calligraphy art appeared with Chinese characters, but the early calligraphy was mainly spontaneous, and more was a kind of aesthetic feeling of the font itself. Ask the students to give an example: for example, Xiao Zhuan in Qin Dynasty had beautiful patterns, and Li Si was the best at Xiao Zhuan at that time.
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, calligraphy became a conscious art, and calligraphers deliberately created calligraphy. Calligraphy reached its first peak in Wei and Jin Dynasties. During this period, famous artists came forth in large numbers and masterpieces continued.
Teacher's question: Do you know which famous calligraphers were there in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and what famous works were there respectively?
Presenting "Preface to the Lanting Pavilion", the "best running script in the world" by Wang Xizhi, a "book sage", we can appreciate and feel the style of the article, which is full of emotion, poetic and picturesque, with a patchwork of writing, ever-changing, patchwork and vivid and unique.
Calligraphy reached its peak in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and many calligraphers and masterpieces appeared. The calligraphy works of Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, Zhang Xu and Huai Su are presented through pictures, so that students can understand these main calligraphers and calligraphy works and their characteristics while enjoying the calligraphy works. Teacher's question: Do you know any famous calligraphers after the Song Dynasty?
Through the above study, students complete the following form to consolidate their knowledge.