There were traces of human beings in Germany about 700,000 years ago. The early history of the Germans is not well recorded, so it is not very clear. In 1 century BC, many Germanic tribes settled in the Danube and Rhine river basins. Due to the expansion of the Roman Empire in Germany, these tribes constantly clashed with the Roman Empire. In 9 AD, the Germans defeated the powerful Roman army in the Battle of Teutonburg Forest, and the Romans lost three legions in this battle. Since then, the Roman Empire has never invaded the reform field, and the German region north of the Rhine and Danube has become independent. In 376 AD, the Germans were attacked by Huns and began to migrate to the territory of the Roman Empire. Since 407, a series of short-lived kingdoms have been established in parts of France and Spain today. In 476 AD, the Germans joined forces with some Romans to overthrow the Western Roman Empire.
During the founding of Germany:
The establishment of the Frankish Kingdom at the end of the 5th century lasted for several centuries, including the glorious period of Moro Dynasty and Carolyn Dynasty. Under Charlemagne's rule, the kingdom almost extended to most parts of France and Germany today, and was called Charlemagne Empire. Due to the lack of cultural and economic ties between regions in China, the feudal separatist regime was powerful, and the kingdom fell into melee after the death of Charlemagne. In 843 AD, the territory of the Frankish kingdom was divided into three parts according to treaty of verdun. In the west, the Frankish kingdom on the left bank of the Rhine became the foundation of France. In the east, the German-speaking Eastern Frankish Kingdom on the right bank of the Rhine became the foundation of the later German Kingdom, and the holy Roman Empire in the future was also the embryonic form of Germany today. The middle part became the root of the struggle between France and Germany.
In 9 19, Herzogtum Von Sachsen Henry I was elected as the king of the eastern Frankish kingdom, and established the Saxon dynasty, formally establishing the German kingdom. The Saxon dynasty was located in today's Holland, West Germany, Switzerland and Austria. This is the beginning of German history in a strict sense.
German unification:
The February Revolution in Paris from 65438 to 0848 promoted the March Revolution in German city-states. Frederick William IV, the Prussian emperor, was forced by public pressure to amend the Constitution, recognizing people's freedom of assembly and speech. The freedom movement was temporarily put down.
Frederick William IV died in 186 1 and William I acceded to the throne. 1862, he clashed with the national assembly because of the budget and tax problems needed for military reform. He planned to abdicate, but withdrew his life at the suggestion of former ambassador to France Bismarck. Bismarck expressed his support for military reform and said that if he was appointed as Prime Minister, he would force military reform and a new military service system at all costs. 1862 On September 22nd, William I appointed Bismarck as Prime Minister. Bismarck's appointment as Prime Minister marked the beginning of German unification. 1864, Prussia defeated Denmark and recovered many territories near the Danish border in the north. Prussia 1866 defeated Austria and forced Austria and Hungary to form the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Several states were merged to form the North German Federation. 1870, the Franco-Prussian War broke out, and many southern German states broke away from French control. By 187 1, Germany announced the completion of reunification and the establishment of the German Empire, also known as the "German Second Reich".
At the beginning of 1884, the German Empire began to establish colonies outside Europe. After the Berlin Conference, the German Empire acquired many lands in Africa, including East Africa, Southwest Africa, Togo and Cameroon. The division of Africa aggravated the contradiction between big powers, which led to the outbreak of the First World War.
There is a Rome in the middle.
Rome:
In 962 AD, Otto I, the German king and Saxon dynasty, was crowned emperor by Pope John XII in Rome, and became the guardian and emperor of Rome in 973, and also the supreme ruler of the Roman Catholic world. 1 157, this empire was awarded the title of "Holy Empire". 1254, the empire began to use the title of "Holy Roman Empire" for the first time, and then it was used as an official name until 1806.
During the Frankish Dynasty (1024-1 125), northern Italy and Burgundy joined the Holy Roman Empire, but the controversy over the appointment weakened the power of the emperor. During the Hohenstaufen dynasty (1 138-1254), the imperial power further expanded to the areas inhabited by Slavs. Towns in northern Germany flourished because of the Hanseatic League.
15 17, Martin Luther wrote "95 theses" questioning Roman Catholicism, which triggered the religious reform. 15 19 Habsburg family Carl IV acceded to the throne. Not only did he have to fight the Ottoman Empire in Turkey, but he was also involved in a long war against France and the Pope. His position in the empire was weakened, and he could not stop the Reformation. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, farmers broke out because of poverty. During the Reformation, from 1524 to 1526, it even developed into a German peasant war. 1525, under the leadership of menzel, the landlord of Frankenhouse was abolished.
As Germany was the main battlefield of the 30-year war from 16 18 to 1648, its economy suffered great damage, and the internal division of the vassal states became irreversible after the war, which indirectly made the Holy Roman Empire exist in name only. Li Sailiu's France won Alsace and Lorraine in this war, which laid a hidden danger for the future German-French war. From 1740, the war between Habsburg, Austria and Prussia occupied the German history of18th century. 1May 804 18, Napoleon came to power. The Holy Roman Emperor Franz Ii joined forces with Britain, Russia, Sweden and Naples to form the third anti-French alliance. 1805, the allied forces invaded Bavaria, an ally of France, and another allied force attacked Italy controlled by Napoleon. But in the end, the French army not only held Bavaria, but also invaded Moravia, the holy Roman empire, and drove the allies out of Italy, and defeated Russian reinforcements in Prussia. 1806, 12 in July, under the coercion and inducement of Napoleon, the former holy Roman Empire 16 member countries signed the Treaty of Rhine Confederacy, broke away from the holy Roman Empire and established a new political alliance-Rhine Federation. Emperor Franz Ii was forced to abdicate, and the Holy Roman Empire completely collapsed.