1, Xia Dynasty
Xia dynasty (about 2070- 1600 BC) was the first hereditary dynasty recorded in China's history books. There are a certain number of bronze and jade ritual vessels in the cultural relics of the Xia Dynasty, dating from the late Neolithic Age to the early Bronze Age.
According to historical records, Biography of Yu was written, which changed the abdication system of primitive tribes and initiated the hereditary system in China for nearly 4,000 years. Therefore, the "home world" in China's history began with the establishment of the Xia Dynasty.
1 1 tribes of Xia nationality are related to the central royal family in Xia Houshi by blood, political enfeoffment and economic tribute, which roughly constitute the core territory of Xia dynasty.
Summer begins in the west of Henan Province and the south of Shanxi Province, east to the junction of Henan Province, Shandong Province and Hebei Province, south to the north of Hubei Province and north to the south of Hebei Province. The geographical centers of this area are Yanshi, Dengfeng, Xinmi and Yuzhou in Henan Province.
It is generally believed that the Xia Dynasty * * * spread from the14th generation to the17th generation (the ruler of the Xia Dynasty called it "Hou" when he was in office and "Emperor" after his death), which lasted about 47 1 year? , destroyed by the Shang dynasty.
2. Shang Dynasty
Shang Dynasty (about 1600 BC-about 1046 BC) is the second dynasty in China history, and it is also the first dynasty with direct written records of the same period in China.
Shang Tang, the monarch of Xia and Shang Dynasties, led the Shang Dynasty to perish in the battle of Mingtiao, taking Shang as the country name? Shang Dynasty was founded in Bo (now Shangqiu). After that, the capital of Shang Dynasty moved frequently until its descendant Pan Geng moved to Yin (now Anyang), which was the capital of Yin for 273 years. Therefore, Shang Dynasty was called Yin or Yin Shang by later generations.
The Shang Dynasty experienced three main stages. The first stage is "the first venture"; The second stage is "early business"; The third stage was the "Late Shang Dynasty", which lasted for more than 500 years from 17 to 3 1 Wang. Di Xin, the last monarch, set himself on fire after being defeated by Zhou Wuwang in the battle of Makino.
3. Zhou dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty (65438 BC+0046 BC-256 BC) is the third dynasty in the history of China after the Shang Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty passed on 37 kings in 30 generations, enjoying 79 1 year. ?
The Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-77 1) and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256). The Western Zhou Dynasty was founded by Ji Fa, Zhou Wuwang, and its capital was Haojiang (Zhou Zong) (southwest of Xi, Shaanxi).
Zhou Chengwang five years, the construction of the capital city of Luoyi (Chengzhou) (now Luoyang, Henan); In 770 BC (the first year of Zhou Pingwang), Pingdong moved its capital to Luoyi (Chengzhou) (now Luoyang, Henan), and the Zhou Dynasty in this period was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. History books also refer to the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty as two weeks.
4. Eastern Han Dynasty
The Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220) is another unified dynasty in China history after the Western Han Dynasty. It spread to the eighth * * * fourteenth emperor, enjoying the country 195. Together with the Western Han Dynasty, it is called the Han Dynasty.
At the end of the New Dynasty, the Red Eyebrow Uprising in Greenwood broke out, and Liu Xiu, the imperial clan of the Han Dynasty, took advantage of the situation. In AD 25, Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, made Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province) his capital, established the Eastern Han Dynasty, and started Guangxu Zhongxing.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of Sangong was greatly weakened, and the power of Shangshutai was promoted. During the reign of Emperor Hanming and Zhang Han, the Eastern Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which is known as the reign of Zhang Ming. In the later period of Zhang Han, consorts became more and more overbearing. After Han and Emperor ascended the throne, the consorts were eliminated, and the national strength of the Eastern Han Dynasty reached its peak, which was known as Yuan Long through the ages.
In the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the Empress Dowager said that the consorts were in charge of affairs, and the young monarch who succeeded in childhood was able to take charge of affairs with the help of eunuchs. History is called the battle between officials, the increasingly corrupt political affairs, and the powerful forces wantonly annexed land.
During the period of Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, the peasants could not bear multiple cruel oppression, and the court ordered all states and counties to recruit soldiers by themselves, which basically put down the rebellion, but led to the self-respect of local strongmen.
In the first year of Chuping (190), Dong Zhuo's rebellion broke out again. From then on, the imperial court was sidelined, which opened the prelude to the warlord melee in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. After Dong Zhuo was killed, in the first year of Jian 'an (196), Cao Cao welcomed Emperor Han Xian to Xuchang. In 220 AD, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han Dynasty was destroyed, entering the period of the Three Kingdoms regime.
5. Cao Wei
Wei State (May +03, 265438-February 4, 266) was one of the separatist regimes in the Three Kingdoms period, and later historians often called it Cao Wei. Since the Northern Wei Dynasty was later called the "post-Wei" and Cao Wei was also called the "pre-Wei" or "pre-Wei", it became the most powerful country among the three countries.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there was chaos and competition. In the melee of warlords, Cao Cao's power gradually increased, and he controlled the court of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the establishment of Cao Wei.
When Cao Cao was awarded the title, he ruled Ye, the seat of Wei Jun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Therefore, Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty named him Wang Wei, hence the name Wei.
In the first year of Yankang (220), Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to abdicate, formally replaced the Han Dynasty, established Cao Wei, and made Luoyang its capital. In the second year of Xian Di (265), he usurped Wei, changed his title to Jin, and Cao Wei perished.
6. Western Jin Dynasty
The Western Jin Dynasty (AD 266-AD 3 16) is one of the unified dynasties in the history of China after the Three Kingdoms period, and it is also called the Jin Dynasty with the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Pass it on to the four emperors, and the country will be fifty-one years. If you start by destroying Wu Dong, you will only stand for 37 years. In order to distinguish it from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the history is called the Western Jin Dynasty, and the two Jin Dynasties are also called Sima Jin.
At the end of the Three Kingdoms, Qiu, a general of Cao Wei, Sima Yi, a teacher, and Sima Shi, the second son, were all powerful ministers.
In 265 AD, Sima Yan took the place of Cao Wei's regime and established a new regime. The founding country name is Jin, and its capital is Luoyang. After the Western Jin Dynasty replaced Wei Dynasty, the battle of Xiling occurred, and Sun Wu was destroyed in 280 AD, ending the division and reunification of the three countries.
However, after the destruction of Wu, the whole country in the Western Jin Dynasty was immersed in an atmosphere of extravagance and corruption. Emperor Wu of Jin was born in a clan, and his family has long developed into a huge powerful group. Therefore, since the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, the political style has been very dark and bribery has become the norm.
A major feature of the Western Jin Dynasty is that a large number of nomadic tribes moved inward. Since Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty allowed border people to move in, a large number of nomadic people moved in. By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, the foreigners in Guanzhong and Liangzhou had accounted for half of the local population.
These foreigners were taken into slavery by the clan. Due to many immigrants, it is not far from the Jin people in Guanzhong area. For the subjugation of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sixteen Countries of Wuhu laid the groundwork.
After the Eight Kings Rebellion, the western Jin Dynasty was badly weakened, and the nationalities who moved in took the opportunity to dispatch troops, resulting in the situation of five chaos, and a large number of people and clans began to cross south.
The Western Jin Dynasty was a short-lived unity during the long-term division of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was called "a flash in the pan". In 3 17 AD, Si Marui proclaimed himself emperor in Jiankang and rebuilt Wu, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.
7. Northern Wei Dynasty
The Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) was the regime established by Tuoba GUI, a Xianbei nationality, and was the first dynasty of the Northern Dynasty.
In 386, the former Qin Dynasty was divided, and Tuoba GUI became king in Niuchuan, rebuilding the country and making its capital Lesheng (now Hohhot and Linger County, Inner Mongolia). In April of the same year, it was renamed Wang Wei. In June 398, it was officially named "Wei", which was called "Northern Wei" in history.
In July 398, Tuoba GUI, Emperor Daowu, moved the capital to Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province) and proclaimed himself emperor. In 439, Emperor Tuoba Tao unified the north. In 493, Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong moved to Luoyang to carry out large-scale reforms.
In the third year of Yongxi (534), it was divided into Eastern Wei and Western Wei. In the eighth year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (550), Levin abolished filial piety, became independent on behalf of the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and the Northern Qi Dynasty was established. Zen was located in Yuwen Jue in the third year of Emperor Gong in the Western Wei Dynasty (557). The Northern Zhou Dynasty was established and the history of the Northern Wei Dynasty ended. ?
Tuoba GUI was rebuilt in 386 and divided in 534, with a total of 20 emperors (official history 12) and enjoying the country 148.
8. Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty (581-618 or 6 19) was a unified dynasty in the history of China.
In February of 58 1 year, Emperor Jingdi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty abdicated to Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, and the Northern Zhou Dynasty perished. Yang established the title of "Sui" and made its capital Daxing (now Shaanxi An).
In 589 AD, the Chen Dynasty perished in the south, and China was unified, ending nearly 300 years of division since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty. In 605 AD, after Yang Di ascended the throne, Yuwen Kai was ordered to build Tokyo and moved the capital to Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan) in the same year.
During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the people's livelihood was rich, the people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and the politics was clear, which created a prosperous situation of ruling the emperor. During the reign of Yang Di in Sui Dynasty, the Grand Canal was built, but the excessive consumption of national strength led to the rebellion of the people and nobles at the end of Sui Dynasty.
In 6 18, Yu Wenhuaji and others launched a mutiny and killed the emperor Yang Di. Emperor Yangdi You Yang abdicated and established the Tang Dynasty. In 6 19, Yang Dong, the king's emperor, was also abolished, and the Sui Dynasty perished, which lasted for 38 years.
9. Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) was a unified dynasty after the Sui Dynasty, which experienced 2/kloc-0 emperors and enjoyed the country for 289 years. It is also called, because the royal family name is Li, and it is considered as one of the most powerful dynasties in China.
At the end of the Sui Dynasty, the world was in harmony. In 6 17, Tang Guogong Li Yuan set out for Jinyang and proclaimed himself emperor in Chang 'an the following year. Emperor Taizong advocated the rule of chastity after he ascended the throne. Tang Gaozong inherited the legacy of Zhenguan and initiated the rule of Yonghui. In 690, Wu Zetian took the Zhou Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty as the capital and Luoyang as the historical name.
In 705, after the Dragon Revolution, Tang Zhongzong restored the title of the Tang Dynasty. After Tang Xuanzong ascended the throne, he made great efforts to govern and created a prosperous new century in which all ethnic groups came to Korea.
At the end of Tianbao, the national population reached about 80 million. After the Anshi Rebellion, the power of vassals and eunuchs gradually declined, and in the middle and late period, the power of governing the country gradually increased through Tang Xianzong Yuanhe Zhongxing, Tang Wuzong Huichang Zhongxing and Tang Xuanzong Dazhong.
The Huang Chao Uprising broke out in the late Tang Dynasty, which destroyed the ruling foundation of the Tang Dynasty. In 907, Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty, which perished, and China entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
10, Wuzhou
The Zhou Dynasty (690-705) was founded by Wu Zetian, who named it Wu Zhou in order to distinguish it from the Zhou Dynasty in the pre-Qin period. Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in the history of China, who has been in power for 23 years.
If from the reign of Empress Wu Zetian in the fifth year of Qing Dynasty (660) to the restoration of Empress Wu in the first year of Shenlong (705), Empress Wu Zetian reigned for 45 years. China is the only female emperor in history.
In the first year of Hongdao (683), Tang Gaozong died, and Prince Li Xian acceded to the throne for Tang Zhongzong. "It depends on how you address marquis Wu as the empress dowager." . ?
In September, 684, the Empress Dowager abolished Zhongzong as the king of Luling, and made Li Dan, the younger brother of Zhongzong, the emperor, and changed the year of Shengyuan to the first year of Guangzhai, and the east was the capital of gods, which was reformed by the Empress Dowager.
On September 9th, the first year of Zaichu (A.D. 690), more than 60,000 people, including Tang Ruizong, wrote to change the name of the country. When Wu Zetian saw that the time had come, she changed the Tang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty, made Luoyang its capital, and added her own honorific title of Emperor of the Holy Spirit.
In the first year of Shenlong (AD 705), Zhang Jianzhi and others staged a palace coup, forcing Wu Zetian to abdicate. The restoration of Zhongzong restored the old system of the Tang Dynasty. In the same year1February, Wu Zetian died of illness in Shangyang Palace at the age of 82.
1 1, back beam
Hou Liang (907 ~ 923), the Liang Dynasty, was the first dynasty in the Five Dynasties. In 907, Zhu Wen, King of Liang, usurped the Tang Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. He was known as the Liang Dynasty in history, and the Tang Dynasty officially perished. The history of China entered the period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Hou Liang has a dual capital system, with Kaifeng in the east (now Kaifeng in Henan) and Luoyang in the west (now Luoyang in Henan).
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liang Wudi and Zhu Wen, the predecessor of the later Tang Dynasty, namely the State of Jin in Hedong, fought for hegemony for a long time until their national subjugation. * * * lasted for three emperors, 17 years. Because the emperor's surname is Zhu, and because it is different from Nanliang in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it is called Zhu.
12, Later Tang Dynasty
The Late Tang Dynasty (923-936) was a feudal dynasty established by the Shatuo people during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, with its capital in Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province) and spread to the second and fourth emperors, lasting 14 years.
The late Tang Dynasty was the most extensive dynasty in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. "the land of the five generations, there is no such thing." "At that time, jinliang and Wu Shu divided the world into four parts. In the later Tang Dynasty, one point destroyed two points, and the four points in the world had scored three points." ?
In 89 1 year, Hedong made Li Keyong the king of Jin, established the former Jin Dynasty, and became the independent regime of Hedong. In 907, Zhu Quanzhong usurped the Tang Dynasty and established the Hou Liang, and the State of Jin became the largest separatist force in the north. During this period, Jin regarded Liang Dynasty as a leap dynasty, and it still served as the founder of the Tang Dynasty.
Li Keyong died in 909, and his son Li was promoted to the throne. In 923, Li proclaimed himself emperor in Weizhou (now Anyang, Henan Province), renamed Tongguang, and later called "Tang", and promoted Weizhou to be the Tang government in Tokyo. ?
At the end of the same year, Li destroyed the back beam and made Luoyang its capital, which was called the later Tang Dynasty in history. Destroy the face before 926; In 928, Nanping Gao Conghui attached; In 930, the voice of South Chumahi was attached; In 936, Shi Jingtang invaded Luoyang with Liao soldiers at the expense of sixteen states, claiming the post-Jin Dynasty, and the post-Tang Dynasty perished.
13, Houjin
The Late Jin Dynasty (936-947 AD) was a dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in the history of China. From the destruction of Shi Jingtang, the ancestor of the Jin Dynasty, to the establishment of the Tang Dynasty in 936, and then to the destruction of Qidan in 947, the Jin Dynasty experienced two emperors. Twelve years, also known as Shi Jin, initially established Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan Province) as its capital, and later moved to Nanjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province).
In the summer of the third year of the Qing Dynasty in the late Tang Dynasty (AD 936), Shi Jingtang, who stayed in Taiyuan and Hedong, colluded with Qidan, recognized Yelvdeguang as the father, and proclaimed himself emperor in Taiyuan with the support of Qidan. His title is Jin, and his history is called Hou Jin.
Shortly after the invasion of Luoyang and the demise of the later Tang Dynasty, Shi Jingtang's practice of ceding land to claim his son was opposed by many people, including his former cronies. After Shi Jingtang's death, he made his nephew Shi Zhonggui his heir.
After Shi Zhonggui acceded to the throne, he decided to gradually get rid of his attachment to the Khitan. He first claimed to be the grandson of Yeludeguang, but he refused to submit. In 944 AD, the Khitan attacked Jin, and the two sides fought in Ganzhou (now south of Puyang, Henan), winning and losing each other.
In 945 AD, the Khitan conquered the south again, and Shi Zhonggui personally went on an expedition to defeat the Khitan again. In 947, the Khitan went south for the third time, and Du Zhongwei, an important official of the late Jin Dynasty, surrendered to the Khitan, thus losing the main force of the late Jin Dynasty. Shi Zhonggui was forced to surrender and the whole family was taken to Qidan. The demise of the late Jin dynasty.
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