The area around Dianchi Lake is one of the origins of life on earth. The "Haikou Huaxia Fish" and "Sino-Singapore Fish" found in Haikou, Kunming, hide the mystery of the origin of human life.

More than 3 million years ago, there were only a few small rivers flowing slowly in Kunming Basin, which was the embryonic form. From 2.9 million to 2.6 million years ago, some small and isolated lakes were formed. From 6.5438+0.02 million years ago to 200,000 years ago, Dianchi Lake appeared in the present sense.

In ancient times, around Dianchi Lake, the mountains were all primeval forests, and the dams under the mountains were covered with bamboo and grass. Animals such as Asian elephants, rhinoceroses and giant pandas thrived here. The tooth fossils found in Zhangkou Cave in Jiuxiang prove that early Homo sapiens existed in Kunming 300,000 years ago. Later, in Dianchi area, there began to be traces of "modern people" activities.

Archaeologists discovered the earliest fossils of human skulls, jaws, bones and teeth around Dianchi Lake in Longtan Mountain, Chenggong District. According to scientific determination, it belongs to Homo sapiens (modern man) 30,500 years ago and 800 years ago. Experts named it "Kunming people".

At that time, "Kunming people" lived in caves and could use tools made of simple and rough stones, bones and clams. Many remains of ancient human activities have also been found in Dabanqiao Site, Xiaoshiba Yemao Cave Site and Stone Forest Banqiao Township Paleolithic Site, which are a little later than the era of "Kunming people".

In the Neolithic Age, the primitive population of Dianchi Lake increased greatly, and the primitive agriculture of slash and burn appeared.

2. Pre-Qin period

Different tribes live in Dianchi Lake area. They are related to Ba (in today's eastern Sichuan), Shu (in today's western Sichuan) and the Central Plains. "Gong Yu" includes Kunming in Liangzhou, one of Kyushu in Xia Dynasty. Business follows the summer system. Zhou dynasty combined beams. In the seventh and eighth centuries BC, that is, the Western Zhou Dynasty in mainland China, Dianchi Lake entered the end of primitive society and began to show class differentiation.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, thousands of tribal alliances appeared in Dianchi Lake and its surrounding areas, among which "Dian" was the largest. Around Dianchi Lake at that time, "the river soil was flat and open, there were many parrots and peacocks, there was compassion for fishing in Yanchi field, and there were rich gold and silver livestock products".

During the Warring States Period, Zhuang Ti, a general of Chu State, entered Yunnan, unified the tribes in Dianchi Lake Basin and established a unified regime of Yunnan. The capital of Yunnan is now Jincheng Town, Jinning County, and Zhuang Jian has also built a "Blue Chrysanthemum City" in downtown Kunming. "Zhuang Jian opens Yunnan" brought advanced culture and production technology of Chu and Central Plains to Dianchi Lake area, and accelerated the social and economic development of Dianchi Lake area headed by "Yunnan tribe" at that time.

All ethnic groups in Yunnan have created a world-famous, unique and brilliant bronze culture-Shizhaishan culture in Jinning. These bronzes have exquisite craftsmanship, a wide range of themes, and strong local ethnic characteristics, reflecting the social development level of ancient Yunnan.

3. Qin and Han Dynasties

Wuchi Road was opened in Qin Dynasty, and counties were set up in Yelang, Yunan and Du Qiong, and officials were sent to administer it. The ethnic minorities in the southwest frontier are called "Southwest Yi".

At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty once gave up the management of the "Southwest Yi" area. When he arrived at Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he decided to explore the southwest of China. In the second year of Yuanfeng (before 109), the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened Yunnan, and all of Yunnan belonged to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named Qiang "King of Yunnan" and gave him "Wang Yin of Yunnan". Yizhou County was established with Dianchi Lake as the center, and Dianchi County was governed by the county (now Jinning Jincheng).

Among the 24 counties headed by eleven counties, there are Dianchi County (now Jincheng), Guchang County (about the scope of Kunming County in Qing Dynasty), Li Anran County (now Anning City), Jianling County (now Kunyang Town to Yimen in Jinning County), Kunze County (now Yiliang County), Mim County (now Songming County and Xundian County) and Qinzang County.

The establishment of Yizhou County was the beginning of the direct acceptance of the central dynasty in ancient Yunnan. In the 12th year of Yongping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (69), six counties were set aside in the west of Yizhou County, and Yongchang County was established. Today, Kunming still belongs to Yizhou County.

A large number of Han immigrants came to Kunming in the Han Dynasty to jointly develop production and promote social and economic development with the indigenous people. In this process, these Han immigrants gradually became rich because they mastered advanced production technology. Many of them have become powerful "big names".

4. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

At the end of the Han Dynasty, the most popular surname in the south was Haoqiang. In order to stabilize the rule of Shu Han in South China, Zhuge Liang led an army to pacify South China in the spring of 225, the third year of Jianxing. After that, the policy of "harmony" was adopted, and four counties in South China were adjusted to seven counties in South China, Yizhou County was renamed Jianning County, and the county administration was moved from Dianchi County to wei county (now Qujing).

During the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, Ningzhou was set up in the south of China, which was one of China 19 states. Now Kunming is Jianning County under the jurisdiction of Ningzhou. In the third year of Taikang (282), Ningzhou was abolished and Jianning County was merged into Yizhou. In the first year of Tai 'an (302), Ningzhou was established in the Western Jin Dynasty, and seven counties such as Dianchi Lake in the west of Jianning County were designated, and Yizhou County (now central Yunnan) was established to govern Dianchi County.

In the second year of Yongjia (308), Yizhou County was renamed Jinning County in the Western Jin Dynasty, which was in charge of seven counties. At that time, most counties (cities) in Kunming were within Jinning County and Jianning County. From the late Western Jin Dynasty to the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, Ningzhou was actually controlled by local surnames such as Huo and cuan clan.

In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Jinning County still led seven counties. In the Western Jin Dynasty, except Lengqiu County was renamed Jianling County, the rest followed the Western Jin system. In Jianning County, Tan 'ao, Mumi and Kunze, which belong to Kunming today, still belong to Jianning County along the Western Jin system.

During the Southern Dynasties, Liu Song, Xiao Qi, Xiao Liang and the Western Wei Dynasty, the affiliation and management scope of Ningzhou (called Nanning in the Western Wei Dynasty) and its two counties under its jurisdiction changed from time to time. On the surface, it was still controlled by the Central Plains regime, but in fact it was controlled by the local cuan clan family. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the local governor Zan was appointed as the secretariat of Nanning, which was completely controlled by cuan clan.

During the reign of cuan clan, compared with the chaotic situation in the mainland, Nanning maintained a relatively stable social situation, and the social economy of Dianchi Lake area had a new development. Yan Longyan achieved great prosperity, economic prosperity and social stability when he was appointed as the satrap of Jianning. Cuan clan's ruling area is divided into two parts: East and West, also known as "Barbarian East" and "Barbarian West". Today's Kunming area belongs to the "barbarian west".

5. Sui and Tang Dynasties (Nanzhao)

During the Sui Dynasty, the present Kunming area belonged to Zhou Kun (also known as Kunchuan) and was under the jurisdiction of Nanning General Political Department. He was appointed as the secretariat of Zhou Kun, and later abolished Zhou Kun, because he could not rule directly.

After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Zhou Kun was re-established, and Hongda was appointed as the secretariat of Zhou Kun. In the fourth year of Wude in Tang Dynasty (62 1), the general government of Nanning was established in wei county (now Qujing), and Zhou Kun was subordinate to it. Zhou Kunfu is located in Yining County (now Kunming, the specific city site is unknown). Zhou Kun governs Yining (now Kunming), Jinning (now Jincheng and Jinning County), Anning (now Anning) and Qinzang (now Lufeng and Fumin).

At the beginning of the 8th century, Nanzhao power rose in Dali. When the Tang Dynasty tried to open a communication line through the Yi nationality, it violated the interests of the nobles of the Yi nationality and led to the opposition and rebellion of the Yi nationality. In the fifth and sixth year of Tianbao (746 ~ 747), the Tang Dynasty ordered the "King of Yunnan" Pirog to lead his troops to suppress the rebellion of the nobles from Dali to the eastern region.

Nanzhao suppressed the rebellion in cuan clan, and its sphere of influence extended from western Yunnan to central and eastern Yunnan. Since then, the battle of Tianbao has taken place between Tang and Nanzhao. When the Tang Dynasty failed, Nanzhao broke away from the Tang Dynasty and established Nanzhao regime.

In 763, Wang Luofeng of Nanzhao visited Dianchi Lake. In 765 AD, luo feng ordered his eldest son, Feng Jiayi, to build and expand Dongcheng, also known as Tuodong Drug Rehabilitation Center, in what is now Kunming. Tuo Dongcheng became the deputy capital of Nanzhao, and was later called Du Dong, Tokyo and Beijing because of its important position. Tuo Dongcheng is the beginning of Kunming's construction, with accurate historical data.

Shortly after Nanzhao built Tuodong City, Tuodong Festival was set up. Nanzhao set up States, prefectures, counties and counties in the Tuodong Festival military defense zone, following the example of the Tang Dynasty. After Tuodong City was established as the deputy capital, Shanshan House (located in present-day Kunming, Tuodong City is also called Shanshan City) was established, which is the same city as Tuodong City.

Fuling Town governs three cities and one department, namely Anning Town (now Anning), Tuodongcheng Town (now Kunming), Longhe Town (now Lufeng Kiln Station), Chenggong City (now Chenggong), subordinate towns (now Roots) and Qiangzong Department (now southeast Chenggong).

In 902, Nanzhao regime perished. In the following 36 years, there were three dynasty changes, during which the administrative divisions were not detailed.

6. Song Dynasty (Dali Kingdom)

In the second year of Tianfu at the end of Jin Dynasty (937), Duan Siping overthrew Yang Ganzhen's Yining State and established Dali State. In the first year of Song Shaosheng (1094), Gao Shengtai, the powerful minister of Dali, seized power and changed his name to "Greater China". In the third year of Song Shaosheng (1096), Gao Taiming, the son of Gao Shengtai, was still in Duan, still known as "Dali Kingdom" and "Hou Li Guo" in history. From the 8th to Duan Xingzhi, it was destroyed by the Mongolian army. The first and second periods were ruled by Duan's family, which was called Dali Kingdom.

The administrative divisions and political institutions in Dali are different from those in the later period. Dali followed Nanzhao system in the early days. Different from Nanzhao, there is a county, which belongs to Jie or governor, and is called "Ministry" and "Huang" together with administrative units; In the late Dali period, the governor and the governor were abolished, and the prefectures and counties took command of the prefectures and counties.

In the early days of Dali, there were two places in Kunming, namely, turning to Jiedu and turning to Fu Jie. Their jurisdiction is the same as that of Tuodong and Fu Jie in Nanzhao period. Just like Tuodong Town in Nanzhao, Shaxian Town (now Kunming) is the deputy capital of Dali, known as "Tokyo", and is the political, economic and cultural center of the eastern part of Dali. In the later period of Dali Kingdom, waste frugality to cure Shanshan became an important town in the eastern part of Dali Kingdom.

During the period of Dali, Shanshan Prefecture became the hereditary territory of Gao Zhisheng's family. Within the jurisdiction of Shanshan Guild Hall, "white barbarians" and "black barbarians" live alternately, or form "departments" respectively, or live together in shops, or build cities for self-defense. Ministries, prefectures and cities are subordinate to the government, and administrative divisions are equivalent to the county level. Oriental Five Man has 37 departments in Dali, some of which are under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi provincial government, and most of them are composed of some school mottos.

In the first year of Song Xuanhe (1 1 19), the thirty-seventh uprising in Wuman razed the whole city, which was later called "ghost town". In view of the abandonment of Shanshan City, it is necessary to expand its area and rebuild Tucheng, which is called New City and Shanshan City. By the end of the Dali period, Shanshan had developed into a prosperous city, which was "big and expensive, with many businesses and workers".

7. Yuan Dynasty

1253, Kublai Khan led his troops to attack and destroy Dali, and after more than two years of war, he conquered the whole territory of Dali regime.

After Uriyangqatai conquered Dali, five cities, namely Yachi (now Kunming), Halazhang, Chahanzhang, Jinya and Chitongzi, were set up for military rule, which were the five administrative regions before Yunnan was established as a province in the early Yuan Dynasty. Yahong is one of the five administrative regions, including Shaxian Prefecture, Dongchuan County, Heyang County, Shicheng County, Xiushan County and the land of 37 departments in Dali period.

In the fifth year of the reign of Emperor Xianzong of Mongolia (1255), on the basis of the administrative division of Dali, the Yuan Dynasty set up ten190 houses according to the situation, with thousands of households and hundreds of households under each house. The jurisdiction of Wanhufu is about that of Kunming today. There are "two thousand households in Kunming" in Wan Hu's house. As a place name, "Kunming" first appeared in Dianchi Lake area.

In the seventh year of Xianzong (1257), the Grand Marshal's Mansion was set up in Dali, with the commander in chief 19 households. 1260,190,000 households merged into five comprehensive management homes. The general administration administers several households respectively. Among them, the scope of general manager office is equivalent to Kunming, Songming County, Xundian County, yiliang county, Yimen County and other places, and it has jurisdiction over ten thousand households, Yang Castle ten thousand households, Giant Bridge ten thousand households and Songming ten thousand households.

1274, Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan sent Sayyid Shams Din 'Umar, a Hui nationality, as the prefect of Pingzhang, Yunnan, with its administrative center in Dali. In the 13th year of Zhiyuan (1276), the administrative center was moved from Dali to Kunming.

Kunming has become the political, economic and cultural center of Yunnan Province. Saidianchi abolished the original military organizations such as thousands of households, thousands of households and hundreds of households, and set up administrative institutions such as prefectures, prefectures and counties. Zhongqing Road is located in Kunming, covering 3 counties and 4 states.

8. Ming dynasty

In the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (138 1), Zhu Yuanzhang appointed Fu Youde as the general of conquering the south, and Lan Yu and Mu Ying as the left and right deputy generals, leading the army to conquer Yunnan. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), Kunming was occupied. After two years of war, the Ming army occupied all parts of Yunnan. In the sixteenth year of Hongwu (1383), he stayed in Mu Ying to guard Yunnan and consolidate the Ming Dynasty's rule over Yunnan.

In the fifteenth year of Hongwu (1382), the Ming Dynasty changed the book province of Yunnan Province to the political secretary of Yunnan Province in the Yuan Dynasty. The implementation of the "three divisions" system, that is, undertaking the propaganda and deployment division, commanding and making division and sentencing division, is divided into administrative, military and judicial departments. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has jurisdiction over prefectures and counties; The commander-in-chief and envoys are the commander-in-chief of the army, and they are organized into guards and cables; Judges and prosecutors patrol the roads and inspect states, prefectures, counties, ministries, health centers, places and post stations.

In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, it was changed from the Qing Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty to the Yunnan Prefecture, which was under the jurisdiction of Kunming County, and was stationed in Bu, Du, Press and then the Governor-General. In the fifteenth year of Hongwu, Kunming Brick City (Tucheng in Yuan Dynasty) was built, with a circumference of about nine miles and a height of nearly three feet. There are six gates, there is a moat outside the city, and ships can sail on the river.

In the Ming Dynasty, Yunnan carried out large-scale immigration, and a large number of mainlanders immigrated to Yunnan. When Mu Ying first entered Yunnan, Kunming was still a "semi-mixed ethnic group", and ethnic minorities still accounted for a considerable number. After resettlement, the ethnic structure in Dianchi Lake area has been fundamentally changed, and the population of Han nationality has completely surpassed that of indigenous nationalities. Therefore, today, some Kunming people say that their ancestral home is "Yingtianfu, Nanjing", which has certain historical basis.

1647, four generals, including Li Dingguo, the remnants of Zhang Daxi's army, entered Yunnan to establish an anti-Qing regime. 1650, Yunnan Province changed to Yunxing Province, Yunnan Province changed to Kunming Prefecture, and Kunming County changed to Kunhai County. After Li Yong, Emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty, entered Yunnan, Gong Yuan became the imperial palace, and Kunming was called the capital of Yunnan.

9. Qing dynasty

In the 15th year of Qing Shunzhi (1658), Wu Sangui, Dourgen and Zhao Butai led the Qing soldiers into Yunnan via Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi. After the Qing army occupied Yunnan, the Ming dynasty changed to Yunnan province, and set up a viceroy, governor Yunnan and Guizhou provinces. Provincial government, state (ministry) and county. The jurisdiction of Yunnan government basically followed the setting of the Ming Dynasty, with four states and seven counties, and Kunming was under the jurisdiction of the government.

After Wu Sangui entered Yunnan, it grew stronger and stronger, and Yunnan-Guizhou gradually became an independent kingdom that was not controlled by the Qing court. In history, it is also called "San Francisco" with Shang Kexi, the king of Pingnan, Guangdong, and Geng Zhongjing, the king of Jingnan, Fujian. During the period of Wu Sangui's separatist regime, a series of cruel rules were implemented in Yunnan, which aroused the resistance of the people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan and caused constant uprisings in various places.

1673 lunar calendar 1 1 year1October 2 1 day, Wu Sangui put up the anti-Qing banner in Kunming, declared that "all the people in the world are recruiting military marshals", ordered the restoration of the Han nationality's costume and hairstyle, and attacked the aristocratic rule of the Qing Dynasty, just like a national representative. 1678 March, Wu Sangui proclaimed himself emperor in Hengyang, Hunan Province, with the title of "Zhou" and "Zhaowu".

In August, Wu Sangui died, and his grandson Wu Shizhen succeeded to the throne in Guiyang, and then returned to Kunming, taking Wuhua Mountain as Miyagi, and his new home was later called Honghuafu. 168 1 year, the Qing army invaded Kunming, Wu Shifan committed suicide, and the San Francisco rebellion ended.

In the late Qing Dynasty, after the Opium War, especially the Sino-French War of 1885, imperialist forces such as France and Britain entered Yunnan. 1905 (in the 31st year of Guangxu), Kunming was established as a commercial port (unlike the commercial port that is about to open, it has greater autonomy and can minimize the control of western powers).

19 10 year (Xuantong two years), the Yunnan-Vietnam railway was completed, and Kunming was more open. In the tenth year of Guangxu (1884), Yunnan Machinery Bureau was established, which became the beginning of modern industry in Kunming, and Kunming began the process of modernization.

10, during the Republic of China

In the second year of the Republic of China (19 13), in April, Yunnan province was abolished and Kunming county was retained, which was directly led by the provincial government. Kunming still belongs to Kunming county in organizational system, but it is under the jurisdiction of the provincial public security department.

In the eighth year of the Republic of China (19 19), the governor Tang "abolished the governor and laid off troops, and implemented the people's rule", designated the provincial capital as the city, and set up the Yunnan Municipal Office in the central pavilion of Cuihu, which was the bud of the municipal authorities. At that time, Kunming was one of the provincial capital cities that started municipal administration earlier.

1920, due to the coup, Tang was forced to leave and the Yunnan municipal government was dismissed. /kloc-in the spring of 0/922, Tang returned to Yunnan and presided over the Yunnan provincial government. In August of the same year 1, the municipal government was resumed, and the provincial capital area was delineated, which was separated from Kunming County and belonged to the city, and was named Kunming according to historical and geographical relations.

The municipal office is directly supervised by the provincial government, and the supervision is appointed by the governor. The area under the jurisdiction of Kunming Municipal Government is 5.4 Li Long from east to west and 6.3 Li from north to south, with an area of 17.96 square kilometers (4.49 square kilometers). Administratively, it is divided into six districts.

On August 1928, the Kunming office was reorganized and the Kunming municipal government was formally established. 1July, 930, the government of the Republic of China promulgated the revised Organic Law of Kunming, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the government of the Republic of China "refused to file a case" on the grounds that the population and tax conditions did not meet the conditions for establishing a city.

1934 the Kunming municipal government has placed 27 suburban villages near Kunming county under the jurisdiction of the urban area. The total area of the municipal district is 77 square miles (19.25 square kilometers).

At this point, Kunming's population and taxation began to conform to the provisions of the revised urban organization law. 1February, 935, the Yunnan provincial government formally submitted a report on the construction of the city to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the National Government. On April 23 of the same year, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the National Government officially awarded the bronze seal 1 piece of Kunming Municipal Government and Kunming Municipal Assembly. At this point, the Kunming municipal government, which was established more than five years ago, officially completed the legal procedures.

During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, due to the sharp increase of population, Kunming's strategic position became more and more important. In June1939165438+10, the Yunnan provincial government officially approved Kunming as a municipality directly under the central government of Yunnan province.

1 1, People's Republic of China (PRC) (China) period.

1949 65438+February 9, Kunming peaceful uprising. 1950 In March, the China People's Liberation Army entered Kunming and established the Kunming Arms Control Committee. At the same time, Kunming Municipal People's Government was established. The eight district offices that were taken over at that time were all dispatched agencies of the municipal government. The total area of Kunming area is about 7.8 square kilometers. Kunming County belongs to Wuding District.

195 1, the eight districts under the jurisdiction of the city were adjusted to five districts, and Kunming County was transferred from Wuding District to Kunming City. 1953, the urban area was adjusted from 5 districts to 4 districts. Kunming county was abolished, and eight districts of the original county were adjusted to five suburbs, with a total of nine districts under its jurisdiction. 1954, the third district (Haikou) of Kunyang County was transferred to Kunming, and the tenth district was established.

1956, Area 1 and Area 3 merged to form Panlong District; The second and fourth districts merged to form Wuhua District; The fifth and sixth districts merged to form Guandu District; The seventh district was changed to Longquan District; The eighth and ninth districts merged to form Xishan District; The tenth district was changed to Haikou District; Anning City was transferred from Chuxiong District to Kunming City and changed to Anning District.

1959 Revoke Anning District and Haikou District, merge jurisdiction and restore Anning County; Fumin County was transferred from Chuxiong Prefecture to Kunming City; Jinning County was transferred from Yuxi District to Kunming City, and the whole city has jurisdiction over 4 districts and 3 counties.

1963, the Chenggong administrative region originally belonging to Jinning County was set aside and Chenggong District was established. The city governs 5 districts and 3 counties. 1965 Chenggong district was abolished and Chenggong county was restored, with 4 districts and 4 counties under the jurisdiction of the whole city.

Yiliang County, Songming County and Lunan Yi Autonomous County 1983 were transferred from Qujing to Kunming. Luquan County was transferred from Wei Chu to Kunming, with jurisdiction over 4 districts and 8 counties.

1985, Luquan County was abolished and Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County was established, which still belongs to Kunming.

1995 10, Anning withdrew from the county to build the city.

1998101On October 8th, the State Council approved the renaming of Lunan Yi Autonomous County as Shilin Yi Autonomous County; 65438+officially renamed in February.

199865438+On February 6th, the State Council approved: the prefecture-level Dongchuan City was abolished and Dongchuan District of Kunming City was established; Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County belongs to Kunming City. So far, the jurisdiction of Kunming is 5 districts, 1 city and 8 counties.

20 1 1 With the approval of the State Council, it was agreed to cancel Chenggong County and establish Chenggong District of Kunming City; It is agreed that the residence of Kunming Municipal People's Government will be moved from Dongfeng East Road, Panlong District, Kunming to Jinxiu Street, Chenggong District, Kunming.

The above contents refer to Kunming Municipal People's Government-a brief history of Kunming.