I. French Journalism in the Middle Ages

France in the Middle Ages was the most powerful agricultural country in the European continent, and the powerful feudal dynasty centralized power, which made the French newspaper industry in the feudal era subject to the autocratic rule of the feudal dynasty. During the more than 200 years from the middle of15th century to the French Revolution (1789), there were only three kinds of newspapers designated by the king in China: The Gazette (163 1 May) and The Scholar (16666). Through these newspapers, the feudal dynasty controlled the dissemination of news, literature and scientific ideas.

With the development of the Enlightenment, France-centered Europe ushered in unprecedented ideological emancipation. The vast number of patriotic literati are increasingly dissatisfied with the autocratic rule of Bourbon dynasty, and the voice of opposition is increasingly arrogant. They can't tolerate the autocratic control of journalism by the dictatorship. /kloc-Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, a famous playwright in the 0/8th century, once satirized this thought control in his famous play The Wedding of Figaro: "As long as my writing doesn't talk about authorities, opera houses, other theaters, people in power, prestigious groups or anyone with a small position, I can freely print all my works after being checked by two or three inspectors. Because I want to take advantage of this lovely freedom, I announce that I will publish a periodical publication. I named this publication "Waste Newspaper". ?

The ideological tide of the Enlightenment was overwhelming, and the government finally compromised. On New Year's Day, 1777, Paris Daily, the first daily newspaper in France, was founded and allowed to be published, but it mainly published some social news.

Second, the French journalism during the Great Revolution

During the French Revolution, thoughts were in a state of high liberation, and journalism also flourished. However, France, an agricultural country in the center of continental Europe, has an underdeveloped commodity economy. However, the economic base determines that the human rights liberation movement in France is not thorough politically or ideologically. From the ideological point of view, the "selfish, narrow-minded, conservative and feudal" thought of small farmers' consciousness permeates the hearts of French people, even the frontline revolutionaries are no exception. Putting "human rights liberation" into action will inevitably become empty talk.

The doomed failure of the French Revolution made the prosperity of French journalism only a flash in the pan, but its influence on later generations should not be ignored.

During this period, French cultural thoughts were influenced by the Enlightenment, with "freedom and equality" as the core and news media as a cultural propaganda tool, which determined that the core of French news propaganda at that time was the liberation of human rights.

From 65438 to 0789, the bourgeois revolution broke out in France, and the world-famous Declaration of Human Rights and Civil Rights was published. Article 1 1 of the Declaration stipulates: "The exchange of ideas and speech is one of the most precious rights of mankind. Therefore, all citizens enjoy freedom of speech, writing and publication. However, within the limits of the law, it must be responsible for the abuse of this freedom. " The Declaration of Human and Civil Rights has the force of law. This is the first time in the world that citizens' freedom of the press and publication has been stipulated by law, which is one of the great contributions of the French people to human civilization. It directly influenced the emergence of the First Amendment to the American Constitution at that time, affected the development of the media industry in the whole world, and laid a legal foundation for freedom of the press. Since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was put forward, no modern country can avoid freedom of speech and publication.

During the French Revolution, various newspapers and periodicals advocating revolution proliferated, among which the most famous was Friends of the People (1published in Paris in September 1989, and1changed its name to La Ré publique de France in 1992). Mara kept writing articles to expose the duality of bourgeois aristocrats and their rebellious tendencies, and was finally assassinated.

Iii. French journalism from the Great Revolution to the end of 19

The influence of the industrial revolution on Europe and the rise of Britain have shaken France's position as the overlord of the European continent. From April 65438 to April 0792, France was involved in a protracted war, which lasted more than 20 years with Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain and Italy. The impact of civil and foreign wars has caused great damage to the French economy. France needs temporary stability at home. With the failure of the Great Revolution, Napoleon's military dictatorship and Bourbon dynasty were restored. French culture has also gone from glory to temporary decline. On the surface, it seems to be retrogression, but cultural liberation has become a reality. During this period, French culture was in the stage of recuperation, and so was journalism.

Freedom of the press has been destroyed for more than 90 years. However, the development of science, technology and culture can not be ignored. It laid the foundation for the brilliance of French journalism.

Fourthly, French journalism from the Second Industrial Revolution to the end of World War II.

With the development of the second industrial revolution and the development of science, technology and economy, the whole world has fallen into the plunder and division of capitalist countries. Along with economic plunder, it is cultural plunder. The plunder of culture, to some extent, is the rapid development of culture and technology. The need of war and the support of the government promoted the continuous innovation of communication technology and the rapid development of transportation industry, and provided scientific and technological guarantee for the development of French journalism, which not only promoted the development of French journalism, but also created the glory of French journalism in this period.

1835, Charlie Hawass founded Hawass News Agency, which is the first news agency in the world.

1922165438+10 In October, the French Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications set up a radio station on the Eiffel Tower to broadcast programs regularly, thus opening the curtain of French broadcasting.

1938 began to broadcast a small number of TV programs regularly. After World War II, Charles de Gaulle's government took over all domestic radio and television, canceled private broadcasting and established a 30-year-old state-run radio and television system. In capitalist countries, American private system, British public system and French state system constitute three modes of radio and television.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) French journalism since World War II

French news media is "the youngest media in western countries"? . Most newspapers, radio stations and TV stations in France were founded after World War II.

The second world war brought a great impact on French culture. From the end of the 20th century to the beginning of the 2nd/Kloc-0th century, French culture, with French as its carrier, faced a serious crisis-the impact from foreign industrial culture headed by the United States. In the 20th century, the United States became one of the world's cultural centers, and the popularity of Hollywood films occupied the French film market. Most importantly, American English has become a world language. French is rarely used for communication except that it still has a place in the Olympic Committee and still appears as the first language. American food has also entered Paris, and fast food such as McDonald's and KFC can be seen everywhere, which puts France, a country with 365 kinds of cheese, in a very embarrassing situation.

/kloc-France, which has been unstable since the 0 th and 8 th centuries, accepted economic assistance from the United States after the war and adopted a strategy of recuperation. In order to maintain France's cultural influence, the government has to manipulate French culture and use foreign economic and cultural assistance to maintain its status as a cultural power on the world stage. "France has spared no effort in its foreign cultural policy." As a part of cultural undertakings, the French government has never given up its control over journalism.

The post-war French government has long implemented dual policies on newspapers, radio and television. For newspapers, the French government has always pursued the principle of pluralism, encouraging newspapers to have multiple voices and encouraging competition among newspapers, but for radio and television, the government has done the opposite.

1940 After the German army captured Paris, the French newspapers at that time either surrendered or followed the puppet regime. In the summer of 1944, after the liberation of France, the provisional government headed by General Charles de Gaulle stipulated that all newspapers published in the occupied areas for more than 15 days would no longer be published, and almost all the original newspapers were closed. Therefore, the longest history of French news media will not exceed 63 years (until the end of 2007) except for a few newspapers.

Radio and Television in France Since the liberation of France in 1944, the government announced that it would take over all broadcasting facilities. 1945 issued a decree prohibiting private commercial broadcasting, and so did television stations. In the past 35 years, although the radio and television system has been fine-tuned, it has always been controlled by the government. It was not until July 1982 that the parliament passed the law on audio-visual communication, allowing the establishment of private radio stations. 1in June, 1985, the government announced the opening of commercial television. 1in June, 986, Chirac was elected president of France, and the law was revised again. Through the freedom of communication law, the government no longer controls the news industry and allows commercial radio and television stations to develop freely. At that time, one, two, three, four, five and six televisions owned by the government were all transformed. 1, 5, and 6 TVs were transferred to large French companies through public bidding, and 2, 3, and 4 TVs were turned into public channels. So far, the dual-track operation mode of both public and private has been established.

At present, France's world-renowned news organizations include AFP and Vivendi. In addition, there are 250 daily newspapers, 6 TV stations (that is, TV 1, TV 5 and TV 6 are private, and TV 2, TV 3 and TV 4 are public), and there are about 65,438+0,000 radio stations.