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British history
Directed by Liz Hartford and Tim Kobe.
Screenwriter: BBC
Starring: Simon Schama
Type: documentary, history
Country of manufacture: United Kingdom
Language: English
Issue date: September 30, 2000 (UK)
Number of groups: 15
Duration: 60 minutes
Chapter introduction:
1 Start (3 100 BC-A.D. 1000)
This film spans 4000 years, from the Iron Age to today. )
Ancient England was a prosperous area, which the Romans called a place where prestige and wealth gathered. At that time, many British chiefs had accepted the rules of Rome and adopted the Roman way of life. The completion of Hadrian's Great Wall marks the emergence of British provinces.
400 years after the fall of the Roman Empire, its dream of reunification has been handed down. Alfred openly challenged the false kingdom and drove the pirates away from the land of the kingdom. The last kingdom was conquered by the Normans.
2 Conquest (1000—— 1087)
After nine hours of Hastings, everything changed. The Normans replaced the Anglo-Saxons, and Britain took another road.
When the French arrived, Harold disarmed his brother Tostigo. He led the last troops south and charged 187 miles. Finally, he faced William's knights and archers rushing towards him on Senlake Mountain.
1066 Christmas, William ascended the throne of England, England became a part of the Norman Empire, and William became the first king.
3 Dynasties (1087 ——1216)
1066 years later, the Anjou dynasty conquered it, and Shama (the author) said that "it was conquered by chaos, slaughter, famine and extortion".
What remains in the hearts of the British is Henry II, who established a legal system and urban services that continue to this day. Although he is famous for the murder of Thomas Beckett, he is the most influential martyr.
Of Henry's four sons, two became kings. Among them, Richard declared war on his father and was arrested in the Crusades, while John's failure was that his baron encouraged him to print Magnacatta.
4 countries (1216 ——1348)
After giving up their national identities, Welsh, Scots and Irish unified their thoughts and declared their independence from Edward I of England's brutal rule.
Scotland waged war against England and invited Wales to join the supreme ruler against them. This led to a bloody disaster in Ireland.
Wales, followed by Scotland, fell one after another under the hammer of Edward I of England. Edward I of England established the most powerful imperial system since Rome.
5 Death of the King (1348—— 1500)
This is a story about the Black Death-a dirty disease spread all over Britain in a week.
Six convictions for burning (1500—— 1558)
Henry wants to break away from the Pope and call himself the Pope of England. This led to the reform in Britain. Catholicism in Britain was abandoned in those decades. 1536 and 1538 10000 monks were uprooted. The monastery was dissolved and their property was redistributed.
Elizabeth successfully planned a religious coup.
7 The Queen's Body (1558—— 1603)
This is a story about two queens-practical and cautious Scottish Elizabeth and Mary.
Elizabeth knows that it is difficult for a woman to rule a country, and it is even more difficult to control religious circles. When Mary left England, she found herself imprisoned. Her only freedom was to obey Queen Elizabeth's orders.
Elizabeth completely mastered the fate of Britain, and made great achievements in Britain after the Reformation and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
8 British War (1603—— 1649)
Before the reunification of the country, Charles I believed that the divine right of monarchy could solve the problem and stabilize the country that was falling apart at that time.
From the Scottish prayer book, it spread to tax boycotts and parliamentary demands. In this war between kingship and parliament, knights and Luyuan Party, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, 750,000 people died in the end.
The war ended with the unification of Britain, but after reunification, it was no longer Britain, but a United Republic.
9 rpm (1649—— 1689)
As a result of the civil war, Britain became a country run by Oliver? Cromwell's Republic without a monarch. Cromwell ruled by violence. When parliament openly challenged his authority, he attacked parliament and closed it. Apart from giving himself a grandiose name, everything he did was the same as that of a king.
But after Cromwell's death, charles ii restored the empire.
10 Great Britain Company Limited (1690—— 1750)
/kloc-In the 1990s of 0/7, Britain was immersed in the joy of the glorious revolution, and they ushered in a new era, a new king-William III. However, it still supported the deposed Kingdom of James II in Scotland, which suffered from poverty and hunger.
The relationship between Scotland and England turned this point into the Glencoe Massacre in 1692. Half a century later, driven by interests, the two countries became partners, and the alliance was realized in 1707.
1 1 wrong empire (1750—— 1800)
How can a person make his freedom too different from the world? A country that doesn't trust its own army has become the most powerful military country on earth. Has the freedom of the empire become the slave of the empire?
With the help of ambition, slavery and brave exploration, Britain built a powerful empire and planted its own national flag all over the world. Through the addictive trade in tea, sugar and coffee, it controlled the colony.
12 natural forces (1780—— 1832)
Britain learned a lot from 1789 French Revolution. This chapter will explain this point.
13 Victoria and her sisters (1830 ——1910)
Queen Victoria/Kloc-ascended the throne at the age of 0/8, ruling a country that developed painfully but rapidly in the industrial revolution.
Chaos and revolution foreshadow S and T, but in fact family habits and traditions are still the cornerstone of national stability.
14 empire of goodwill (1830—— 1925)
The British Empire is committed to peace, stability and prosperity. But in Ireland and India, violence and famine are so similar.
15 Two Winston
The last chapter is lost in contemplation of British history in the 20th century.
And discus Britain's fate in that two world wars. Frustrated post-war peace.
What do the Crusades and the Century Declaration tell us that winston smith, the hero of Orwell's 1984, foresaw the political prospects of his time?
Introduction to British history
This film is a good teaching material for people who don't understand English history. This film reproduces the growth process of British civilization, from the Neolithic Age of Stonehenge culture to the brilliant Elizabethan era, and from the violent civil war in17th century to the British Empire. This is a vivid, some scenes can be said to be bloody stories. It consists of 15 chapters. Starting with the gruesome Black Death, half the people in Britain were killed in a short time. The political manipulation of Henry II, anne boleyn and Thomas Wolsey led to the break between Britain and Roman Catholicism. ...
In ancient and medieval times, Britain, a small island in the Atlantic Ocean, was ignored by people. On the map of the world drawn by the ancients, Britain was placed at the ends of the earth. At that time, people in continental Europe, across the English Channel, vaguely saw the gray cliffs off the coast of the British island, which was called Albion. In ancient poetry, this name refers to Britain. As for the specific situation on the island, few people know. Until the Middle Ages, some people in continental Europe still looked down upon it. 14 14 At a Catholic international conference held in constanta on the Black Sea, representatives of France, Germany, Spain and other countries thought that Britain was only a small country such as Denmark and Portugal, and its representatives could not be on an equal footing with those of other big countries and should not enjoy the right to vote.
But in modern times, Britain has become an important power in Europe. In the international struggle, its representatives crisscross, and the rulers of all countries are all impressed. Relying on the growing national strength and powerful navy, Britain defeated Spain, the Netherlands and France in the three centuries of 16, 17 and 18, and became an invincible maritime hegemon. British ships, galloping on the oceans all over the world, are aggressive and overbearing. Later, it extended the tentacles of colonialism to all corners of the world and gradually established the largest colonial empire in human history. Where the sun shines 24 hours a day, the flags of British colonists can be seen flying, and the modern history of Britain has become an indispensable part of world history in this period.
Like other countries and nations in the world, British history has its own characteristics, one of which is the long and lasting parliamentary tradition. The British Parliament has been in existence since the Middle Ages and has not stopped for a long time. In the17th century, parliament, as the core force leading the revolution, launched a struggle to overthrow the absolute monarchy, sent the king to the guillotine, and established a republic without a king or an upper house elected by the people and a lower house with supreme power. This revolution came into being under the crisis of European feudal system. It is the deepest and sharpest reflection of the feudal crisis in Europe, and it also has a far-reaching impact on the whole of Europe. In the revolution, the middle and lower classes of society got rid of the shackles of feudal system and showed great creativity. During the revolutionary period, the people's energetic and enthusiastic spirit aroused great excitement at that time. Milton, the poet, cheered for this. He seemed to see a powerful nation, "like a giant waking from a deep sleep, shaking the heavy shackles and standing up!" "
Although Cromwell later established a military dictatorship to protect the metric system of the country, which stifled the democratic process of the revolution and opened the way for the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, in the process of restoring the monarchy, the royalists tried their best to return the wheel of history to before the revolution and failed. After twenty or thirty years of complicated struggle, the Stuart dynasty was overthrown again, and James II had to flee abroad to escape the fate of being beheaded like his father.
1688 After the "Glorious Revolution", the British constitutional monarchy was gradually established and consolidated. This was the most democratic political system in the world at that time. During this period, autocratic monarchy was widespread in continental Europe and eastern countries. The will of the monarch is the law. Working people from all walks of life endure suffering under the yoke of an autocratic monarch. Louis XIV of France called himself "I am a country" and equated the country with himself. The courtiers who fell at his feet called him "the king of the sun". Under the luxurious shadow of the Palace of Versailles, the "sun king", how many people live a miserable life in the dark under the heavy shackles of tyranny! The story of the famous "Iron Mask Man" in the Bastille is known to the world only because Voltaire revealed it in Louis XIV. In fact, how many things are far worse than this! Under the brutal rule of the czar's autocratic serfdom "dark kingdom", "Dahl (liar) who lost a skirt and a crown", Catherine II and "policeman wearing a crown" Nicholas I, Russian Qian Qian serfs lived a life inferior to that of cattle and horses. Catherine II once distributed about 800,000 peasants to her slaves as serfs. Serf owners can buy, sell, abuse and even kill these serfs at will. At that time, two Russian newspapers, Moscow News and St. Petersburg News, often published advertisements to sell serfs with horse racing and hounds. The landlady Saarti Kova tortured many serfs to death. Under the tight control of these tyrants, people can only hear the praise of the "sun king" and the "kind czar" in public, but in fact, tens of millions of working people who have been squeezed and persecuted have deep resentment against the rulers who have harmed the people. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, Henrietta of France hit the nail on the head: "Tyrants are the biggest robbers and executioners of our time." Radishev of Russia revealed in his book A Journey from Petersburg to Moscow published in 1790 that in Russia with autocratic serfdom, farmers suffered "the fate of criminals with cangue, the fate of prisoners being imprisoned in dungeons, and the fate of horses and cattle being yoked". He believes that the tsar is "the most ferocious murderer among all murderers and the most serious criminal among all criminals"; Death is not enough to compensate him. He should die a hundred times.
Compared with these countries, Britain has a relatively free and democratic political and social environment. In such an environment, people in the scientific and cultural circles can freely display their talents and make their own contributions to the cause of science and culture. It is estimated that from the middle of17th century to the middle of18th century, about 40% of the most important scientific achievements in the world were made by British scholars. Among the world-famous scientists, there are a series of great British scholars from Newton to Darwin. Philosophy and social sciences, the stars are also bright, and Locke and Adam? Smith, David? Ricardo, Hume, Gibbon, Macaulay, Weber, Toynbee and others; In literature and art, Shakespeare, Byron, Shelley, Dickens, Bernard Shaw, etc. It is well known to all women and children.
Britain's relatively democratic and free politics and relaxed social environment not only laid the conditions for its own people to display their intelligence, creativity and enthusiasm, but also provided a refuge for the progressives in the autocratic monarchy countries on the European continent. In early modern times, France set off a wave of religious persecution, and tens of thousands of Huguenots fled to Britain. Later, a large number of people were exiled to Britain, including revolutionaries and thinkers such as Marx and herzen. Das Kapital and many other Marxist works were published in Britain. Herzen, a revolutionary democrat, founded the "Free Russia Printing House" in London, published the magazines Polaris and Bell, published articles on revolutionary democracy, and advocated overthrowing the czar's autocratic serfdom in Russia. 1864, the first international International Working Men’s Association was established in St. Martin's Church in London.
Britain's constitutional monarchy and parliamentary system have become examples for advanced people in feudal autocratic countries. French politicians such as Voltaire and Montesquieu, and French enlightenment scholars in the18th century all expressed their yearning for British democracy in their works. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, the reform movement in China rose, and the British political system was an example for the reformers to follow.
Another feature of British history is that since the Middle Ages, its military bureaucracy and state machinery have been relatively weak, and at the same time, its social class relations have been relatively fluid, and the boundaries between classes have not been too strict. These characteristics have had a far-reaching impact on the development of British history.
In early modern times, there was no standing army and police in Britain, and even the king himself did not have a fixed guard. In an emergency, the king can only summon dozens of armed men temporarily. In the political and military life of the country, the armed forces are mainly composed of militia. Until the middle of19th century, Britain was still one of the countries with the weakest military bureaucracy and state machinery in the world. Based on this, Marx believed that Britain could make a peaceful transition to socialism objectively through universal suffrage. At the same time, these characteristics make British political life relatively flexible. Political contradictions and social contradictions can often be adjusted through small changes, so as not to accumulate and erupt into large-scale violent conflicts. In British history, there has never been a large-scale violent struggle except the civil war during the17th century Great Revolution.
The above characteristics of political, military and social class relations have caused strong peaceful and gradual reformism in the policies and political thoughts of various political parties in Britain. Long-term and stable political situation, great mobility and flexibility of social class relations, encouraging scientific and technological inventions, being good at absorbing foreign advanced scientific knowledge and production technology, and other natural conditions made Britain the place where the first industrial revolution took place in the world. When the British industrial revolution just happened, on the mainland, the French Revolution was going on vigorously. People's attention was attracted by the earth-shaking violence of the French Revolution, and they didn't notice the less noisy process of economic and technological changes in Britain. But more than a century later, the far-reaching influence of the industrial revolution has become increasingly apparent. It not only caused great changes in production technology and economy, but also caused earth-shaking changes in social class structure. In production technology, machine production has replaced manual labor, and the output and productivity have increased by dozens or even hundreds of times. From the beginning of the industrial revolution to the middle of the19th century, the output of British cotton yarn increased by forty or fifty times, and the productivity also increased rapidly. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, an ordinary spinning worker in Britain spun cotton yarn, which was equivalent to the output of two or three hundred manual spinning workers at the same time before the industrial revolution.
The industrial revolution has also greatly changed the relationship between man and nature and between people. In the long history of human development, for thousands of years, due to low productivity, human beings can only rely on and succumb to the insurmountable power of nature to achieve harmony with nature. Most people in the world can't get enough food and clothing from nature despite hard work and hard life all year round. Until the Middle Ages, in Europe, about half of the people, whether in rural or urban areas, were often in the lowest living standard that was difficult to maintain. During the famine, people often go hungry everywhere. Until the end of 16 and the beginning of 17, many people starved to death in Cumbria, England and even the capital London. As far as the world is concerned, before the industrial revolution, that is, 1750, the world population was about 750 million. At that time, the most people in the world could only feed10 billion. After the industrial revolution, the world's population surged. After 100, 1850 was12 billion, and 1950 was 2.5 billion. Although the population has soared, the huge increase in productivity brought by the industrial revolution is enough to ensure the continuous increase in the average income of the world population. /kloc-In the 9th century 100, the population of Britain tripled, but the real income calculated according to the average population still quadrupled. Some people say that the British industrial revolution is a successful example, because its result is: "As the population increases, more products are produced, and the per capita products are increasing." The great historical significance of the British industrial revolution actually transcends the general political revolution.
At the same time, the technological development brought by the transportation industrial revolution has also had a very far-reaching impact on interpersonal relations and international relations. Before the industrial revolution, the traffic between various regions and countries was very inconvenient, and the mountains and rivers blocked it, which often became an insurmountable obstacle. People from different regions and countries are always isolated from each other, which is an objective factor that causes estrangement, suspicion and even war between people. After the industrial revolution, the means of transportation developed rapidly, and interpersonal communication and state relations became closer and closer. Countries and regions are linked by a unified economic chain, and the interests of people in all regions of the world are increasingly consistent. From a long-term historical perspective, the prospect of the universal family is getting closer and closer.
However, we say that the politics of modern Britain is relatively democratic and free, only compared with the autocratic monarchy in continental Europe and the East. In fact, in the modern history of Britain, the democratic process in which sovereignty belongs to the people has never been carried out to the end. Even at the height of the revolution in the17th century, the establishment headed by Cromwell used cruel means to suppress the middle and lower class people who demanded the further development of the democratic process, as well as the equals and diggers who represented their interests. Li Erben, an equal faction, was arrested and imprisoned, and Arnold, Locke Ye and Thompson, soldiers demanding democracy, were shot. Although 1695 abolished the censorship of books and newspapers, and it has not been restored since then, writers who exposed and criticized real political corruption are still persecuted. The famous Wilkes case is an example. Thomas? Paine was also persecuted for publishing works critical of the British government, and he had to flee abroad. /kloc-At the end of 0/8, radical democracy rose in Britain. The British government issued a decree to suspend the entry into force of the Personal Protection Law, and promulgated the Rebellion Law and the Rebellion Assembly Law, which restricted people's freedom of speech and assembly. Offenders will be severely punished until they are sentenced to death. The court accused Thomas, a radical Democrat, of "spreading the seeds of discontent and rebellion". The Muir Stream in Australia. In the three parliamentary reforms carried out in Britain in the19th century, although the right to vote continued to expand, women, who accounted for about half of the national population, were always excluded from the right to vote. It was not until the fourth parliamentary reform in 19 18 that women won the right to vote, and their age was limited to over 30. After the rise of the British workers' movement, the British ruling class repeatedly suppressed workers by force. 18 19, the "Petrou Massacre" took place. In the Charter Movement, the government mobilized the military and police to destroy them repeatedly, and finally ordered Wellington, the "Iron Duke", to lead a large number of armed forces to deal with workers.
When Britain served as a refuge for foreign advanced people, the British ruling class pursued a policy of suppressing revolution and colonial aggression in foreign relations. After the French Revolution began, the British rulers became the main advocates and organizers against the French Revolution at that time. From the end of 18 to the Battle of Waterloo in18/5, Britain waged an anti-French war intermittently for more than 20 years. In the process of British colonial aggression, British colonists seized land, slaughtered people and plundered materials in vast areas of the world. The prosperity of domestic industry and commerce in Britain also depends to a great extent on the blood and sweat of the colonial people. The first unequal treaty in the history of our country was imposed on our people by British colonialists through the Opium War with blood and fire. So in the modern history of the world, Britain also played a reactionary role.
Although Britain's industrial revolution played a great role in progress, it also brought some negative effects in the early days. After the industrial revolution, the wealth of the bourgeoisie grew rapidly, while the working people fell into dire straits. In the industrialized capitalist society, the working class "can't live, feel and think like human beings, whether as human beings or as classes". In Carlyle's words, factories built after the industrial revolution are like "dark and dirty prisons". 185 1 When the World Expo was held in the Crystal Palace in London, British products were dazzling and visitors were full of praise. British businessmen are content to be the masters of the "world factory". Pa Max Don said in his speech: "Our nation has set an example, that is, in our society, every class has accepted the fate arranged by God with a happy mood." But the fact is that during the industrial revolution, the working class working under the new factory system was in a very miserable situation in terms of wages, working conditions and living conditions. In the fast-growing big cities, the social order is chaotic and the environment is messy. The workers gathered in the noisy factory and worked hard day and night. The big industrial city has become a desert without poetry, flowers and friendship. British scholar Hammond said that these "new spinning mills and new steel mills, like pyramids, cast a long shadow on this proud society." After the industrial revolution, the "disaster of Midas" pervaded all parts of society, just like King Midas in ancient Greek fables. People greedily try to turn everything into gold, but they lose many things far more precious than gold. The capitalist society after industrialization only shows that "human society is enslaved, but it cannot show that human society has power." Toynbee pointed out: "The industrial revolution proved that free competition can create wealth, but it cannot create happiness." At present, China is undergoing socialist industrialization. In this process, it is worth noting how to learn from the experience and lessons of the British industrial revolution.