Cattle's name and totem
Cattle, a ruminant, is strong and healthy, and can be used to carry goods and cultivate land. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the cow is in the shape of a bull's head, with prominent horns and ears. All Chinese characters with cows are related to cows or cows. The extended meaning of "Niu" is words like "Niu Jin" and "stubborn".
In ancient times, there was an ox family, and the totem was an ox. The place where cattle live has become a cattle farm. The mountain where cattle live is Niu Shan, the river next to it is called Niushui, and the castle built is Niu Yi. After the ox clan, there should be another ox surname. However, there is no record of the Niu family in China's history books.
The origin and evolution of Niu surname
Cattle surnames mainly come from children's surnames. After Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty, Wei Zi, Zhou Wang's half-brother, was named Duke Song, and inherited Shang Tang's sacrifice. Song Dynasty was an important country in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The ancient capital is in the south of Shangqiu, Henan Province, and moved to Pengcheng in the early Warring States period, which is now Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a minister in Song Zhaogong named Niu Fu, who was a descendant of Song Weizi and named Niu Fu. When the shepherd's father resisted the invasion of the emperor in the north, he led the army against the enemy and died heroically in the long autumn. So I immediately named the offspring of the cow's father Niu Shi, and named them Niu Shi. Buff's surname is at least 2600 years old.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the state of Zheng had the city of Niushou, which was very close to the State of Song. This ancient city is located in the northeast of Tongxu County, Henan Province. During the Warring States Period, there was Niulanyi in Chu, and the ancient city was in the southwest of Lushan County, Henan Province. These two cities may be the fiefs of Song Sikou's father, or the places where the Niu family once lived. Niu Hao, the favorite of Yue Fei, a famous anti-gold star in the Southern Song Dynasty, was born in Lushan, Henan. Up to now, about 30% of cattle in China still live in Henan.
Inflow of foreign genes
Niu's surname was mixed into the blood of other ethnic groups late, and its pedigree was relatively pure. It was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that the surname Niu began to appear among Mongolians and Manchu. These foreigners lived with the Han people for a long time, and then most of them gradually assimilated into the Han people.
Distribution and Migration of Cattle Surnames in History
In the pre-Qin period, the Niu family developed very slowly because of its own weakness. The surname Niu, which originated in Henan, migrated to the northwest. At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Niu's surname settled in Longxi. During the Three Kingdoms period, the Niu family experienced a catastrophe. The conflict between Jiang Wei and Sima Yi led to the demise of cattle. Later, the descendants fled and changed their names to prison elders. The development of Niu surname was very difficult in the late Wei and Jin Dynasties when Sima was in power.
It was not until the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Northern Wei Dynasty that the surname Niu took a big turn. Liao Yun, the middleman of Beijing Normal University, began to restore Niu's surname. His son, Niu Hong, was a minister in the official department of the Sui Dynasty, and he became a monarch. Since then, the surname Niu has stepped out of the shadow of history and flourished in the Central Plains. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Niu Xianke, a descendant of Niujia in Lingtai, Gansu Province, was the prime minister, and Niu Senru was the prime minister. The Niu family formed a noble family in Longxi. Niu spread to the southeast.
During the Song Dynasty, there were more than 50,000 cows, accounting for 0.07% of the national population, ranking 160 after the Song Dynasty. Henan is the largest province with cattle surname, with a population of 25%. Cattle surnames are mainly distributed in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu and Jiangsu. Five provinces account for about 80% of the national population, followed by Anhui, Sichuan and other provinces, and gradually formed a population gathering area centered on Henan.
At present, the population of Niu surname has reached more than 2 million, ranking 98th in China, accounting for 0. 16% of the national population. In the 600 years since the Ming Dynasty, the population of cattle surnames surged from nearly 1 1 10,000 to10.7 million, an increase of 16 times. The population growth rate of Niu surname exceeds that of the whole country. During the 1000 years since the Song Dynasty, the population of Niu surname has been increasing. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Henan, Hebei and Shanxi provinces, accounting for about 5 1% of the total cattle population. Secondly, it is distributed in Anhui, Shandong, Gansu and Hubei provinces, among which Niu's surname accounts for 27%. Henan is the largest province with cattle surname, accounting for 27% of the total population. At present, population gathering areas centered on Niu surname have appeared in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and other places.
Cattle surnames are distributed in Henan, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Hebei, Shandong, Beijing and Tianjin, central Inner Mongolia, northern Anhui, Jiangsu, Hubei, northern Sichuan and northern Gansu. Cattle generally account for more than 0.33% of the local population, and the central region can reach more than 0.9%. The above-mentioned area accounts for about 19.3% of the total land area, and about 69% of people named Niu live here. In northeastern Hebei, eastern Shandong, Liaoji, most of Heilongjiang, eastern Inner Mongolia, central Gansu, eastern Qinghai, northwestern Xinjiang, most of Sichuan, central Chongqing, eastern Yunnan, western Guizhou and Guangxi, northwestern Hunan and northwestern Jiangxi, southern Hubei, southern Anhui and central Jiangsu, the surname of cattle generally accounts for 0.1%-0.33 of the local population.
Traditional culture of Niu surname
The county names of Wang He and Tang Niu are Longxi County. The Niu family took a surname as surnamed tang. The Tang name of "Taishigong" comes from Tang Niufeng. Niu Feng and Changshou Zhong wrote Tang Shu, with a volume of *** 1 10. Later, people called him Tai Shigong because he thought he was the name of the Tang Dynasty.
There are three important couplets of Niu surname:
Luzhou is a thief; Captain Pingqiang.
The poem of the virgin Mary should be a dream; Zhang Gong meets Qi Yuan.
Shui Ying has been published for a long time; There are many settlements on both sides of Xianhe River.
Celebrity frequency and family sages
055-79000 earned 53 celebrities surnamed Niu, accounting for 0. 12% of the total number of celebrities, ranking146 in the celebrity surname list; Famous writers named after cows account for 0. 1% of the total number of writers in China, ranking 142. Famous doctors named after cows account for 0.07% of the total number of doctors in China, ranking176; Famous cattle artists account for 0.08% of the total number of artists in China, ranking 162.
The important figures of Niu surname recorded in history are: General Wuling of Warring States and Niu Que of Qin University; Han Niu, a captain of the Eastern Han Dynasty; Taurus, the general of the Three Kingdoms; Niu Hong, Minister of Sui Dynasty; Niu Xianke, prime minister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and Niu Sangru, a university student of Hong Wen Pavilion in Tang Jingzong; Niu Hao, a famous anti-gold star in the Southern Song Dynasty, and Niu Fu, a general; Venus, a militarist of Li Zicheng Peasant Rebel Army in Ming Dynasty.
Blood group of cattle surname
The distribution of blood types in the population named Niu is as follows: O type accounts for 3 1.9%, A type accounts for 28.5%, B type accounts for 30.2%, and AB type accounts for 9.4%.