History is called "writing on the bus".
This time, it didn't touch the Qing Dynasty much, but it caused a sensation all over the country.
Writing on the Bus started the reform.
In order to push the reform to * * *.
1895 In August, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others published "Chinese and Foreign Records" in Beijing, advocating political reform; Organize a strong society.
1In August, 896, The Times was founded in Shanghai and became the center of public opinion for the reformists to publicize the reform.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/897, Yan Fu edited the National Newspaper in Tianjin, which became an important position to publicize the political reform and reform in the north, and was as famous as the Wu Shi Newspaper.
1898 In February, Tan Sitong, Tang and others set up a strong society in Hunan and founded Hunan Daily.
Under the propaganda, organization and influence of Kang and Liang, the national Kang Youwei
The atmosphere of discussing current politics has gradually formed.
By the end of 1897, there were 33 societies, 7 new schools and 9 kinds of newspapers 19.
By 1898, there are more than 300 societies, schools and newspapers.
1897165438+1October, Germany occupied JIAOZHOU bay, France leased Guangzhou bay, Britain leased it, and later became New Territories and Ahava. People all over the country were furious, and the Reform Movement turned from theoretical propaganda to political practice.
In February, 65438, Kang Youwei wrote a letter for the fifth time, indicating that the situation that the powers carved up China was imminent.
189865438+1October 29th, Kang Youwei published "The Whole Should Be Written by Letter", in April, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
Liang Qichao initiated the establishment of the Bulgarian National Assembly in Beijing, which made direct preparations for the reform and reform. With the active promotion of reformists and officials of the Imperial Party, on June 1898 of Guangxu, Emperor Guangxu promulgated the imperial edict of Guo Wei, announcing the reform.
From this day on, the New Deal lasted for 103 days, until Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup on September 265, 438+0, which was called "Hundred Days Reform" in history.
During this period, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of imperial edicts and decrees on reform according to the suggestions of Kang Youwei and others.
The main contents are as follows: economically, set up agriculture and industry bureau and general administration of railways and mines to promote the establishment of industry; Building railways and mining mineral deposits; Organize chambers of commerce; Reform finance.
Politically, the door is wide open to allow scholars to write books and talk about things; Cut down green camp and train a new army.
Culturally, abolish stereotyped writing and advocate western learning; Establishing Shi Jing University Hall; Run a translation bookstore to send overseas students; Reward scientific works and inventions.
These reform decrees aim at learning western culture, science and technology and management system, developing capitalism, establishing monarchy and making the country rich and strong.
Although the New Deal measures did not touch the foundation of feudal rule, they represented the interests of the emerging bourgeoisie and were not tolerated by feudal diehard forces.
Some powerful officials and conservative bureaucrats in the Qing Dynasty disobeyed the New Deal measures and made excuses to disobey orders.
On the fifth day after Emperor Guangxu announced the political reform, Empress Dowager Cixi forced Guangxu to issue three orders, controlling the appointment and dismissal of personnel and the military and political power in Beijing and Tianjin, and preparing to launch a coup.
After the Reform Movement of 1898, the conservatives in the Qing Dynasty could not tolerate the development of the Reform Movement.
Someone wrote to Empress Dowager Cixi, demanding the execution of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao; And Li knelt down and asked the queen mother to "listen to politics"; Yang Chongyi, the suggestion, went to Tientsin many times to plot with Rong Lu. Even rumors inside and outside the court will abolish Guangxu and set up another emperor.
In mid-September, Emperor Guangxu wrote many secret letters to the reformers to discuss countermeasures, but the reformers had no real power and were helpless, so they had to suggest to Emperor Guangxu that Yuan Shikai should be reused to deal with Rong Lu.
16 and 17 these two days, Emperor Guangxu summoned Yuan Shikai twice and made him an assistant minister. 18 night, Tan Sitong secretly visited Yuan Shikai, persuaded Yuan to kill Rong Lu, and sent troops to rescue him.
Later he was betrayed by Yuan Shikai.
21one morning in September, 898, Empress Dowager Cixi suddenly rushed back to the Forbidden City from the Summer Palace and went straight to the bedroom of Emperor Guangxu imprisoned in Yingtai. Then, the edict of political tutelage was promulgated, and "political tutelage" and "1898 coup" succeeded again.
1898 After the coup, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the execution of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao who were at large. Arrest Tan Sitong,,, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, Kang, Xu Zhijing, Zhang and others.
On September 28th, Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi,, and Kang were killed in the Beijing food market. Xu Zhijing was sentenced to life imprisonment; Zhang was sent to Xinjiang.
All New Deal measures were abolished except Shi Jing University Hall (now Peking University), which opened in July.
From June 1 1 year to September/2 1 year, the reform of 103 day was carried out, and the Reform Movement of 1898 was declared a failure.
: the root cause; (1) 19 The national disaster was serious at the end of the year.
-historical mission: saving the nation from extinction.
(The main reason is imperialist aggression; The important reason is the decadent rule of the Qing Dynasty.
(2) The initial development of national capitalism at the end of19 (after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895)-historical mission: developing capitalism.
See above for reasons.
(3) The national bourgeoisie stepped onto the historical stage (symbol-1894 "Write on the Bus") (4) 1990s: the bourgeois reform thought further developed.
(Early Reform Thought: Time: 65438+after 1960s; Reasons: the introduction of western capitalist ideas and the emergence of Chinese national capitalism.
Representative figures: Wang Dan and Zheng.
Advocacy: develop national industry and commerce economically and launch commercial wars abroad; Learn and spread western natural science from culture; Politically, it advocates constitutional monarchy.
) the significance of political reform
The Reform Movement of 1898 was an event of great significance in the modern history of China. The Reform Movement of 1898 was a bourgeois reform movement and a preliminary attempt by the bourgeoisie to change the social system.
The reformists tried to establish a bourgeois constitutional monarchy politically.
Economically developing national capitalism conforms to the historical development trend.
This is a political movement of patriotism and saving the country.
At the moment when the national crisis became more and more serious, the reformists carried out extensive propaganda and agitation with the goal of saving the country through political reform. They hope to make China independent, democratic and prosperous through reform, so as to get rid of the aggression of imperialist powers, show strong patriotic enthusiasm and inspire people's patriotic thoughts and national consciousness.
③ The Reform Movement of 1898 was also an ideological emancipation in modern China.
The bourgeois reformists advocated new learning and civil rights, and lashed out at feudal thoughts, paving the way for the vigorous rise of modern thoughts in the Enlightenment and promoting the awakening of China people.
Many legacies left by the Reform Movement, such as emancipating the mind, changing ideas, establishing societies, setting up schools, starting newspapers and periodicals, advocating women's studies, changing customs and so on.
Become a valuable asset in the history of Chinese civilization.
The Reform Movement of 1898 was also an enlightenment trend of thought.
The reformists advocated new learning, criticized old learning and emphasized "advocating civil rights", which greatly improved the democratic consciousness and participation consciousness of the whole society.
Since then, democracy has become a surging social trend of thought, which has greatly changed the face of China's ideological and cultural circles.
He said that the new bourgeois culture in China was initially established in the Reform Movement of 1898 and the following years.
New bourgeois knowledge such as philosophy, history, economics and literary theory has sprouted, and "revolution in poetry", "revolution in style", "revolution in novels" and "improvement in drama" have emerged one after another. The new bourgeois culture, both in content and form, has begun to become the mainstream of modern China culture.
The influence of editing this reform
Due to the failure of political reform, China lost a group of elites and supporters who tended to carry out reforms within the original system; But a revolutionary who advocated drastic changes and overthrew the original system and * * *, which eventually led to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the end of China's two thousand-year imperial system.
In addition, some more enlightened and promising ministers in the imperial court were demoted after the coup, and most others were excluded from the central government; Indirectly, it also caused the boxer movement that happened later.
The Reform Movement of 1898 was an event of great significance in the modern history of China, and it was a patriotic national salvation movement.
It demands the development of capitalist economy and the expansion of bourgeois regime, which conforms to the historical trend of modern China's development, and is therefore a progressive political reform movement.
It spread new bourgeois culture and new ideas, criticized old feudal culture and old ideas, and was another enlightenment thought.