The residents of ashur city-state were originally Hulites of Indo-European language family, and later Akkadians of Sem language family entered here, and they gradually merged with the original residents to form Assyrians. Its language is Assyrian dialect of Akkadian, and its characters are cuneiform. Assyria was conquered by Akkad rule the kingdom when the third Ur dynasty was strong. Independence was achieved in 2006 BC.
At the beginning of the 7th century BC/KLOC-,Shamshi Adade I occupied a vast area from northern Akkad to the Mediterranean Sea, calling himself "the king of the world". Assyria was the most powerful during the reign of Shamshi Adade I, and it was recorded in the documents unearthed in Mali that it had captured Mali, and its son also served as the ruler of the city. The eastern part of Asia Minor was also conquered by Assyria, and Shamshi Adade I used the title of King Akkad. But after the death of Shamshi Adade I, Assyria declined, and Assyria became a vassal of the Babylonian Kingdom and the Mitanni Kingdom (also known as the Medea Kingdom). It was not until the end of 15 BC that it became strong again and entered the middle period of Assyria. Akkadians belong to a branch of Sumerians, not Sumerians. It entered the two river basins around 2500 BC. When Akkadians entered the two river basins, Sumerian city-state civilization had come to an end, and the struggle between city-states was extremely fierce. Marvin King Lugar Zakshi almost unified the Sumerian region. But Akkadian King sargon defeated him, truly unified the Sumerian region and established a centralized monarchy, thus ending the Sumerian city-state era. The Sumerian-Akkadian era began.
Akkad Kingdom (about 237 BC/KOOC-0/-2/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/) was founded by sargon (about 237 BC/KOOC-0/-23/KOOC-0/6). Sargon has made 34 expeditions and defeated Lougarre Zaghisi. Then Sargon invaded the south, surrendered to Ur, captured uruk, conquered lagache, and "washed his sword in the Persian Gulf". The former Sumerian city was almost destroyed, and the influence of the old Sumerian nobles was hit hard. In the east, Sargon made an expedition to Elam, and slightly took cities such as Susa. In the north, sargon not only conquered Su Baltu in the northern part of the two river basins, but also invaded the Taolus Mountains in Asia Minor and the eastern Mediterranean along lebanon mountains. Sargon claimed to be "the king of the four corners of the world". Although sargon conquered a vast area, his direct rule was probably limited to the south of the two river basins. Su Baltu in the north and Elam in the east of the two river basins are only their vassals, and they remain semi-independent. Lebanon's mountainous areas are just conquered remote areas.
During the reign of Nallam Sin (about 22,965,438 BC+0-2255 BC), the power of Akkad Kingdom expanded again. He calls himself "the king of the Quartet" and "the king of the whole world". After Naram Sin's death, Akkadian kingdom gradually declined. His successor, Shaershan Kalishali (about 2254-2230 BC), died in a palace coup. About 2 19 1 year BC, Kuti, a nomadic people from the northeast mountainous area, invaded the two river basins in the south, destroyed the Akkadian kingdom and established the ancient iron regime. The Sumerian-Akkadian era in southern Mesopotamia is over. In the later period of Akkadian kingdom, centralization had tended to collapse, and many Sumerian city-states began to revive. Akkad was destroyed by the barbarian Gutierrez. During the rule of ancient Rome, lagache had a special position. Perhaps at this time, lagache moved towards a semi-independent state, thus starting the second dynasty of lagache. On the one hand, there is no mention of lagache in the Sumerian king list. On the other hand, according to the existing archaeological excavations, lagache was very powerful at that time, and it seems that most Sumerian regions recognized the suzerainty of lagache.
The prosperity of the second dynasty in lagache began with the rule of Ulba. When Gudiya became king, lagache seemed to be another regime that could rule almost the whole of Sumer after Akkadian Kingdom. However, Gudiya rarely used foreign troops. The only recorded expedition was to Elam, leaving more records of Gudiya's active foreign trade. Gudiya was a theocratic ruler who built temples all over Sumer. At the same time, it seems that he intends to show his face to later generations, and Sumer left statues of his pious posture everywhere.
According to the records left, the city-state of lagache during the reign of Gudia itself included 17 big cities and 8 small cities. At the same time, we know the names of more than 40 villages in lagache, from which we can see the scale and prosperity of Sumerian city-states.
At the same time, Kuti people seemed to remain barbaric foreign rulers until Uto Helgar of uruk defeated and expelled Kuti people, restored Sumerian rule, and then established the third Ur dynasty. In 2 1 10 BC, the last king of lagache, Na mahaney, was defeated, and lagache became the third city under the rule of Ur dynasty. After that, lagache was no longer important and eventually became a ruin. Kuti, a barbarian, destroyed Akkadian kingdom, but Kuti's rule was not stable, which made Sumerian city-state revive briefly. Utu Hrga, the king of uruk city-state, was the hero who drove out Kuti. Tuchel's strength also poses a threat to lagache. Wutu Hrga asked Ullner to guard city of ur. The cause of Wutu Hrga's death is unknown, but Ullner established its capital in Ur, unified Mesopotamia and established the Third Dynasty of Ur (211~ 2003 BC). Ullner began to call himself "the king of Sumer and Akkad".
Although the third Ur dynasty was a Sumerian dynasty, it was different from the previous Sumerian city-states, and it was as powerful as the Akkadian kingdom or the later Babylonian kingdom.
The earliest password in human history that can be seen today is the Ullner password, although only some fragments are preserved.
During the period of the Third Ur Dynasty, city of ur also carried out a lot of construction. Until today, the remains of temples in city of ur are still available for people to mourn.
At the end of the Third Dynasty in Ur, the imperial power declined, and various regions became independent, coupled with the continuous invasion of foreign Amorites. Finally, the Elamite invasion dealt the most fatal blow to the Ur Third Dynasty. King Ibsen (2026 BC-2004 BC? He was defeated and captured. The Third Dynasty of Ur perished.
After the demise of the third Ur dynasty, there was no Sumerian regime in history. Sumerians also gradually disappeared from history, although Sumerian and cuneiform still existed in the later Babylonian and Assyrian periods, and the history of Sumerian countries was regarded as myths and legends.
The civilization initiated by Sumerians continues. But the Sumerians were gradually forgotten, and the Sumerians were never mentioned in ancient Greek and Jewish documents. Sumerian civilization and its history are the achievements of modern archaeology. In the 0/9th century BC, the Amorites destroyed the Ur Third Dynasty of Sumerians and established the Babylonian Kingdom with the city of Babylon as its capital.
In BC 1792, the sixth king Hammurabi (about BC 1792 ~ BC 1750) ascended the throne, conquered the Sumerians and Akkadians, unified the Mesopotamian plain, established a powerful centralized country, and became a typical slave country in ancient West Asia. History is called the Kingdom of Babylon (about BC 1894 ~ BC 1595). Code of hammurabi is the first relatively complete code in ancient West Asia. This is the first relatively complete written code in the world, but it is not the earliest. The earliest one was called Ullner Mumma. Economy and culture are highly developed, especially mathematics and astronomy. After Hammurabi died, the empire collapsed. The kingdom was invaded by Hittites and Gassett, and was finally annexed by Assyrian Empire in 729 BC. New Assyrian Empire. In 10 century BC, Assyria entered the Iron Age. The use of iron and the improvement of productivity provided sufficient troops and materials for its long-term foreign war. At the beginning of the campaign, it was aimed at plunder and characterized by extreme cruelty. Since Assyria Nasiba II (reigned from 883 to 859), Assyria has been strongly resisted by the people in the conquered areas. The war with the kingdom of Uraltu also suffered repeated failures, and many conquered areas regained their independence. Since Sharma Nasser III (858-824), Assyria has entered a crisis period due to economic decline, failure of foreign wars and infighting of the ruling class.
In 746 BC, the military general Tigra Palaza ascended the throne and carried out a series of reforms to consolidate centralization, improve the combat effectiveness of the army and strengthen the rule and exploitation of the conquered areas. After the reform, large-scale expansion resumed. Defeat Uratu, occupy Syria and enter its heyday. From the central government to the local government, a huge bureaucratic system has been established. After the conquest of Sargon II, Sinatra Herib (704 ~ 68 1) and Hisar Hadong (680 ~ 669), Assyria has become a slave empire spanning Asia and Africa.
Ashabani fought a long war with the Elam-Babylonian Alliance. At the end of its reign, there was a civil war, nomadic tribes invaded, conquered areas became independent one after another, and the empire quickly went to extinction. Under the attack of Medea and the new kingdom of Babylon, ashur and Nineveh successively fell, and the Assyrian Empire perished in 6 12 BC, and its land was divided between Medea and Babylon. The new kingdom of Babylon was founded by the Chaldeans, a branch of the Semites. They came to settle in the south of the two river basins in early BC 1000, and the Assyrian empire conquered the kingdom of Babylon and ruled the south of the two river basins. The Chaldeans rebelled against Assyrian rule many times.
In 626 BC, the Assyrians sent the leader of the Chaldeans, Popara Shaershan, to lead the army to Babylon. After he arrived in Babylon, he launched an uprising against Assyrian rule, established a new kingdom of Babylon, and joined forces with the kingdom of Medea on the Iranian plateau to fight against Assyria. In 6 12 BC, the Assyrian empire perished, and its heritage was divided between the new Babylonian kingdom and the Medes kingdom. Among them, the new kingdom of Babylon seized the western half of the Assyrian empire, namely Syria, Palestine and Phoenicia in the south of the two river basins, and rebuilt the new kingdom of Babylon (626-538 BC), also known as the Kingdom of Babylon.
In the second half of the sixth century BC, during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II, the national strength reached its peak and it was extremely strong. King Nebuchadnezzar II launched many foreign wars and continued to expand.
Shortly after the death of Nebuchadnezzar II, domestic class contradictions and ethnic contradictions intensified. When the last king Napoleon ruled, the contradiction between the king and Marduk Temple intensified, and he tried to establish a new god. Napoleon left the capital and took his son Belshazzar as the regent. In 539 BC, the Persians rose, Cyrus II led an army to invade the new kingdom of Babylon, and the priests opened the door to let the Persian army enter the city. Belshazzar was killed, Napoli was captured, and the new Babylonian kingdom died without fighting.