Battleship is a large-scale surface warship with large-caliber naval gun as its main combat weapon. Equipped with powerful large-caliber naval guns and heavy armor, it is very aggressive and protective. Warships were once created by human beings.

One of the largest and most complex weapon systems built, from the heyday of the early 20th century to the Second World War, is the only strategic weapon platform with long-range strike means, so it has attracted the attention of all naval powers. underneath

Only ten battleships with the strongest combat power in World War II are listed for netizens to enjoy.

First, Iowa class battleships

The nine main guns on the starboard side of the battleship "Iowa" fired continuously, which is said to have caused the behemoth with a displacement of 45,000 tons to move laterally 10 meter.

During the Second World War, the Iowa-class battleships were accompanied by the carrier task force, which supported amphibious landing operations with its high speed and strong air defense firepower.

The Iowa-class battleship is the largest tonnage first-class battleship built by the United States during the Second World War, and it is also the last battleship retired from active service in the world.

It is planned to build six Iowa-class battleships. The first ship was built in Iowa 1940, and four ships were built in Iowa.

Ship numbers BB-6 1), 1940 were officially started in new york Naval Factory on June 27th, and 1943 was officially put into service on February 22nd. New Jersey (New Jersey

Ship number BB-62), 1943 joined the active service on May 23rd; Missouri (Missouri)

Ship number BB-63), officially put into use in June1944+01; Wisconsin

Ship number BB-64), 1944 joined the active service on April 16, 2006. Illinois) 1945 stopped working in August; Kentucky) 1950 65438+ 10.

After the construction was stopped, it was not completed.

1938, the U.S navy put forward the design scheme of a new type of high-speed battleship-Iowa class. On the basis of maintaining the level of protection in South Dakota, Iowa-class battleships

Focus on improving the speed and greatly improve the power of the host. The main engine power of the Iowa-class power plant was the largest ship power plant at that time, and the design speed was as high as 33 knots. Restrictions on passing through the locks of the Panama Canal.

The maximum width of the Iowa class hull is limited to 33 meters. The hull has been redesigned, and the design measures to increase the length and draft of the hull have been taken. The aspect ratio of the hull reaches 7.9, and its slender bow is beneficial to improve navigation.

Speed, but affected the seaworthiness.

The Iowa-class main gun uses a light 406 mm 50 times caliber main gun. Equipped with three triple main turrets, the rotating part of each turret weighs 1730.

Tons, two in the bow direction and one in the bow direction. In terms of armor protection, the overall protection design of Iowa class is equivalent to that of South Dakota class, and the main armor belt on the side is spliced into a whole with the main lightning protection armor, which is combined with many.

The heavy watertight compartment constitutes the underwater torpedo protection system. A catapult is installed on both sides of the stern of the Iowa class ship, carrying three water observation planes.

Second, the battleship Yamato

19411kloc-0/On October 30th, Yamato held a full-speed public trial between Pele Island in Sumao Bay and the post in Okinawa. At that time, the state was that the open trial displacement was 69,304 tons, 15 1700 shaft horsepower, and the propeller was 223.2 revolutions.

1942 February 12, "Yamato"

Replaced "Nagato" as the flagship of Japanese joint fleet. During the 29 years from 19 13 to 1942, the Japanese navy built 12 battleships. Among them are Yamato (the same type as Musashi).

With the shortest age (built in 194 1), the largest displacement, the strongest firepower and the heaviest armor, it is known as an invincible and impregnable steel castle on the sea.

Third, Bismarck class battleships.

The battleship Bismarck of Nazi Germany is known as an unsinkable steel fortress at sea.

The Bismarck was started in 1936, launched in 1939, and put into service on August 24th of the following year. It's a manifestation of Hitler's extreme arrogance. It's a killing machine. 830 feet long (about 252

M), almost equivalent to Titanic; With a standard displacement of 465,438+0,700 tons, it was the largest warship in the world at that time, second only to Yamato class and Iowa class in naval history. Although it is big, it is

It is driven by10.5 million horsepower engine, and the speed can reach 30 knots. The armored bullets of the main gun are light bullets with high muzzle velocity, which can destroy ships 15 miles away. In terms of armor protection, the protection scale is the largest among battleships in the same period, and the side.

Armor 13 inch (about 33 cm), torpedo defense system can resist 300 kg of German RDX high explosive, and its protection ability is amazing.

In addition, the ship is also equipped with Germany's latest radar, radio laterolog and other electronic equipment, coupled with exquisite and thorough watertight cabin design, which is called "unsinkable offshore steel fortress" by the German Navy. 1939, when Bismarck was launched, Hitler personally delivered a speech at the top of his lungs and personally performed the traditional champagne opening ceremony, with high hopes.

Five, North Carolina class battleships

In the mid-1930s, considering that Japan and Germany, its potential enemies in Asia and Europe, were actively expanding their troops to prepare for war, the US Navy began to build two North Carolina-class battleships on 1937 in accordance with the second london navy treaty signed by Britain, the United States and France.

Two North Carolina-class battleships were built: North Carolina BB55 and Washington.

BB56). Warship/KOOC-0/937/KOOC-0/0/0. On October 27th, the North Carolina started work at new york Naval Shipyard and entered service in April/KOOC-0/94/KOOC-0/. The same type of ship, battleship Washington, opened on June 1938.

Work, 194 1 May.

After the outbreak of the Pacific War, 1942, "North Carolina" and "Washington" successively joined the US Navy's Pacific Fleet.

1In August, 942, American troops landed on Guadalcanal Island, and the "North Carolina" became the only fast battleship escorting the aircraft carrier at that time. Effective performance in this battle, for the US Navy.

Fast battleships laid their main task: providing air cover for aircraft carrier formations. 1942165438+1October 14 "Washington" sank under the guidance of radar in the night battle near Guadalcanal island.

Japanese navy battleship Kirishima. 1944, the bow of "Washington" was damaged in the collision accident and replaced with a new bow. During the Pacific War, the North Carolina second-class ship participated in most major combat activities.

Move, mainly to provide cover for aircraft carriers and support amphibious landing operations, and participated in the attacks on Gilbert, Marshall Islands, Mariana Islands, Guam, Iwo Jima and Japan.

The battleship "North Carolina" was retired in 1947. 196 1 visited Cape Fair River in North Carolina, USA as a war memorial ship. Washington 1960 demolition.

operating characteristic

Standard displacement: 36,600 tons (1.942); Full load displacement: 46,700 tons (1945)

Captain 222 meters; The maximum ship width is 33 meters; The average draft is 9.6m, and the maximum draft is10.8m..

Power: 8 boilers and 4 steam turbines with compound reduction gears. The output power of the main engine is 12 1000 shaft horsepower.

Maximum speed: 28 knots; Endurance: 17450 knots/15 knots, 6740 knots /25 knots.

Equipment: 9 guns, 3 guns, 406 mm /45 times caliber main guns, 10 guns, 127mm advanced dual-purpose guns (5 guns on each side), 1942. At this stage, 60 40 mm Bofors cannons and 40–60 20 mm Erican cannons were modified.

Crew: The design is 1885 (including: officers 108 and soldiers 1777).

Six, Richelieu class battleships

1935101on October 22nd, the Li Sailiu-class first ship "Li Sailiu" laid its first keel in Brest. In the following four years, the No.2 ship "Jean-Barr" and the No.3 ship "Clemenceau" started construction one after another. Li Sailiu was a famous French cardinal archbishop in the Middle Ages.

France plans to build three Richelieu-class battleships in the first batch and then three improved Richelieu-class battleships. By the mid-1940s, when the whole shipbuilding plan is completed, France will have eight relatively new battleships to counter similar warships of the Italian and German navies.

Seven, George V class battleship

King George V was a first-class battleship built by Britain in the late1930s, and it was also the last one built by Britain before World War II.

Its design conforms to the second london navy treaty in 1936 (the standard displacement of the battleship is limited to 35,000 tons, and the caliber of the main gun is not more than 14 inch, that is, 356 mm), and it is a typical treaty battleship.

There are five ships of the same class, such as the Royal Navy ship King George V, Prince of Wales, Duke of York, Anson and Howe.

King George V is the flagship of the local fleet of the Royal Navy.

As soon as the Prince of Wales served, he took part in the battle to encircle the German navy battleship Bismarck, and then took Prime Minister Churchill to visit the United States with war wounds and signed the famous Atlantic Charter. 194 1 year1February 10 The Prince of Wales was sunk by a Japanese plane in Malaya.

1943 65438+On February 26th, the Duke of York destroyed the German navy battleship Shane Horst during the escort operation.

In the late World War II, King George V joined the British Pacific Fleet and took part in the attack on Japan.

operating characteristic

Design displacement: 35,000 tons, full-load displacement: 44,650-45,360 tons.

Size: the total length is 227 meters, and the waterline is 225.5 meters; Full width 31.4m; The maximum draft depth is10.8m.

Main engine power 1 10000 horsepower. Maximum speed: 29 knots, endurance: 15000 nautical miles/10 knots.

Equipment: 65,438+08 main gun, 65,438+04 inch /45 times caliber (two quadruple turrets and one double turret), 65,438+06 dual-purpose gun, 65,438+033 mm /50 times caliber, 32-48 40 mm and 20 mm anti-aircraft gun.

Armor: side armor belt (maximum) 15.4 inches, deck 7 inches, turret (front) 16 inches, gun base 16 inches, commander tower (maximum) 15 inches.

Crew: 1530- 1900.

Eight, Vinetot super battleship.

Vittorio Vinetot Super Battleship is an Italian-made battleship. The first two Vinetot super ships: vittorio Veneto and Park Jung Su Rio; Two improved ships: Rome and Impero (transliteration "Impero").

In the 1930s, France began to build a new type of Dunkirk-class battleship to counter the German "pocket battleship", and the original battleship of the Italian navy was out of date. Initially, the Italian navy was preparing to build a ship.

A new type of warship that can compete with Dunkirk class. Finally, the Italian navy decided to design and build a 35,000-ton battleship, which was later the vittorio Vinetot Super Battleship.

Performance characteristics:

Vinetot-class large and medium caliber guns are all designed by Ansaldo Company, and another Italian military enterprise, Otto Company (abbreviated as Odero-Terni-Orlando), also undertakes some production tasks.

"Vinetot" class installed three triple-mounted 38 1 mm caliber main guns, and the 406 mm caliber main gun scheme envisaged at the beginning of the plan had to be abandoned because of the difficulty in manufacturing.

The Ansaldo 1934 38 1mm caliber main gun adopts a movable barrel structure, with an integral inner barrel from the inside out, which is divided into two local lining reinforcement layers, that is, two local layers covering the second half of the charging chamber and the directional part.

The reinforcement layer and the reinforcement layer at the front of the inner bore, the outermost layer is the movable tube, accounting for about 72% of the total length of the gun body; The muzzle has a tight hoop structure with an outer diameter of 610 mm. The tail of the gun is mounted on the barrel with a connecting ring. big shot

There are threads at the tail and six airtight threads. The latch body is semi-automatically opened and closed by the hydraulic-pneumatic mechanism, and the action cycle is 3.5 seconds. Among them, the bolt on the left side of the turret is opened to the left, and the other two guns are switched in the opposite direction. Uniformly arranged around the tail of the gun.

Four drum-type liquid-gas recovery machines, normal backseat distance 1 m. Each turret has 222 rounds of ammunition, including 195 rounds of armor-piercing bullets and 57 grenades.

Total weight of 38 1 mm caliber main gun body

102.4 tons, total length19781mm/l 51.92, barrel length 19050mm /L50.0, line bore length 15850mm, and charge.

456.438+06 liters. There are 96 equal right-handed rifling lines carved on the surface of the inner bore, and the bus is 3. 1 mm deep, 8.458 mm wide and 4.0 mm wide. The winding distance of the rifling is 30 times the diameter (referring to the rifling rotating around the bore axis).

One cycle, the length of axial movement). There are armor-piercing bullets with caps and grenades. The armor-piercing projectile is 1.699 m long and weighs 885 kg. The bottom of the projectile is filled with 88 kg of TNT. Grenade is the same length and weight as armor-piercing projectile.

774 kilograms. The propellant is packed in 6 packages, with a total weight of 27 1.7 kg. The normal bore pressure of artillery is 320 MPa, and the initial velocity of armor-piercing projectile is 850-870 m/s. From the perspective of muzzle penetration, it is Italian.

The power of 38 1mm gun is second only to Japanese 94 460mm gun and American MK7 406mm /L50 gun. However, due to the serious ablation of gun barrel by propellant, the service life of inner bore is only

1 10- 130 rounds, about half of similar naval guns in the world. The maximum range is 42,800 meters.

The total weight of the 38 1mm three-turret is 1595t, the diameter of the ring seat is 1 1.896m, the outer diameter of the base is 13. 19m ... The inside of the turret is separated. The front war room is divided into three independent parts by two shatterproof and fireproof armor partitions, and the command room in the rear cabin is separated from the war room by 1 partition, which improves the overall vitality of the turret.

Below the turret is an ammunition depot, and below the "Vinetot" class ammunition depot is an ammunition depot, and above it is a powder magazine (just the opposite of most other battleships). Each gun has a two-stage projectile lifting mechanism, and the projectile first passes through the lower shaft.

Lift it to the powder magazine platform in the vertical magazine, and then push it into the magazine basket of the upper magazine together with the charge. The tilt angle of the loading elevator is 14 degrees, and the electric winch drives the upper and lower loading baskets to fill alternately. Operate the drive mechanism and

The openings between ammunition depots are protected by fire barriers and fire curtains. The gun is fixed at the elevation angle of+15 degrees, the loading speed is 1.3 rounds/min, and it is equipped with electric shock-mechanical shock primer. Each turret consists of 1 set.

The 450 kW diesel generator set is powered separately, but the electrical system of the turret is still integrated into the overall power grid of the whole ship, so that once the counterpart power supply generator fails, the normal operation of the turret can still be guaranteed.

The "Vinetot" class auxiliary gun consists of four triple-mounted 152mm turrets, also produced by Ansaldo * * *(Otto * * *. Among them, "Lee Sorio" uses Ansaldo 1934 and "Vinetot".

No.2 and "Rome" are equipped with Otto 1936. Ansaldo gun has a total weight of 8.9 tons, a total length of 8840 mm /L58, a barrel length of 8382 mm /L55 and a line bore length of 7300.5 mm.

/l 47.9； The length of the medicine chamber is 1005 mm, and the volume is 25. 19 liters. The gun body consists of an inner barrel, an equal-length reinforcing tube wrapped in the outer layer, a movable quilt and a wedge-shaped gun tail with a manual switch. Otto 1936

The cone-shaped reinforcement layer of the gun is thick, with brake bushing and reinforced front inclined shoulder, and the total weight of the gun body is 12.7 tons; 40 equal right-handed rifling, and the winding distance is 30 times the diameter. The armor-piercing projectile weighs 50 kg and its initial velocity is 9 10 m/s.

44.4 kg, muzzle velocity 945 m/s16.35 kg nitroglycerin-nitrocellulose propellant, bore pressure 327 MPa, maximum range 25,740 m, elevation angle 45 degrees. Three-gun

The total weight of the tower 135.4 tons, the diameter of the tower ring seat is 6m, and the outer diameter of the base is 7m. The shooting range is -5-+45 degrees, and each gun has an independent electric loader. Gun loading elevation is 20 degrees, and the firing rate is 4 rounds per minute.

"Vinetot" class equipment 12 Ansaldo 1938 and Otto 1939 90mm single-barrel anti-aircraft guns. Ansaldo's original design sample gun barrel length was 48 times, and it was changed to 50 times when it was finalized. Gun body sheet

Self-tightening tube, semi-automatic vertical wedge bolt is installed on the barrel with threaded tail ring, and the total weight of the gun body is 1.2 1 ton. The total weight of the customized bomb is 18kg, the initial velocity is 860m/s, the maximum range is 16000m, and the maximum shooting height is 860m.

10800 meters. The range of the gun is +75-3 degrees. Under normal circumstances, artillery can be fired from a distance by shooting command, or it can be operated manually. Ammunition is automatically supplied by a 2 HP electric loader under the turret, and the loading speed is 12.

16 or 30/ min is adjustable. There are 90 rounds of spare ammunition on the stable ammunition tray.

The 90 mm caliber anti-aircraft gun is mounted on a stable gun frame. San Qiao Erqiao, Genoa.

(SanGiorgio) Company designed and produced a set of stable systems. The stable reference frame * * consists of 1 1 electric gyro. The main gyro of the system rotates vertically, which is composed of dedicated 60V 120Hz three-phase alternating current.

Power supply, rotating speed 7200 rpm. Two smaller horizontal gyroscopes are rigidly mounted on the gimbals of the gyroscopes, and their power supply is supported by a special three-phase AC power supply of 90 volts and 250 hertz. Roll and pitch of stabilizer

The stable range of the potential difference is+/-65438 04.5 degrees and +/-5 degrees respectively, and the angular velocity and angular acceleration of the relative motion of the gun body can be corrected at the same time. In this way, the warship can ensure the effective shooting of anti-aircraft guns even when it is rotating.

The "Vinetot" class close air defense firepower configuration system consists of 37mm machine guns, 20mm machine guns and 8mm anti-aircraft machine guns, all produced by Brayda Company, among which 1935 machine guns include.

Steady the gun rack. And Li Sorio are equipped with 8 double guns 1938 and 4 single-tube guns 1939 37 (arranged on the bow deck) and 12 double guns 1935 respectively.

20 mm cannon and 6 8 mm machine guns. After the modification of 1942, four 20mm twin guns were installed on both sides of No.2 main gun and on the top of two front auxiliary turrets. With warships of other countries

Compared with Vinetot, the number of anti-aircraft guns is obviously less. Moreover, the artillery of "Vinetot" has no director, and it can only be shot by the gunner manually and visually, so the damage probability to high-speed targets is very poor. Edit the protection system in this paragraph.

The design inclination angle of the main armor belt on the hull side of Vinetot Super Battleship is 10 degree. The armor on the middle side of the hull is 360mm, and the armor on the upper side of the hull is 70 mm The horizontal protection consists of three layers of horizontal armor, and the upper part of the engine room is three layers.

169mm armor, with three layers of ***2 19mm armor on the upper part of the ammunition compartment. The front armor of the main gun is 340 mm In the test firing experiment of the Italian navy, the side armor and the front armor of the main gun can withstand 16000 meters away.

38 1mm 885 kg armor-piercing projectile. Horizontal armor can withstand 250kg bombs dropped at an altitude of 3,000m, and underwater armor can withstand 225kg TNT explosion. Adopt new underwater fenders.

Protection system (namely "Pugris system", the actual combat effect is limited, and the actual combat proves that the defense force below the super waterline in Vinetot is insufficient).

Nine, Nelson class battleships

The HMS Nelson is a warship built in Britain. It was named after horatio nelson (1758- 1805), a British admiral and a hero in the Battle of Trafalgar.

Design and construction

After World War I, Britain had planned to build the N3 battleship, but it was stillborn because of the naval treaty in Washington. According to the final compromise of the treaty, Japan and the United States can keep the unfinished security stipulated in the treaty.

16 inch main gun battleships (Japanese Longmen class battleships, American Colorado class battleships), Britain can build and install 16 inch main gun battleships within the tonnage stipulated in the treaty, without restrictions.

Warships will not be built for about 10 years. According to this agreement, the British navy began to build Nelson-class battleships within the tonnage stipulated in the treaty in June 1922+0 1.

Nelson-class battleships no longer use the bow ship type commonly used by British battleships in the past, but use the flat deck ship type. According to the experience and lessons of Jutland naval battle, it is mainly to improve the level of armor protection. The inclined waterline armor belt was adopted for the first time, which was the thickest warship at that time, and the horizontal protective armor was strengthened, and indirect defense facilities such as watertight compartments were added.

The HMS Nelson is limited to 35,000 tons by treaty. Nelson class uses three triple main gun turrets, all in the front of the bridge, while the power engine room and auxiliary gun turrets are concentrated in the rear of the hull. The basic design ideas are basically the same as those in N3 and G3 plans, and they are all concentrated on the parts that need armor protection as much as possible.

The three main gun turrets are gathered together, and the middle turret is installed higher than its front and rear turrets in a pyramid arrangement. In order to balance the weight, the bridge is located at the back of the hull. The purpose of this design is to concentrate the limited armor weight on the key parts to the maximum extent, and narrow the range of key parts that need heavy armor protection to the smallest area, which can achieve better protection effect.

However, this design has caused the limitation of the range of the main gun and the defect of the dead angle of the stern. At the same time, the power performance is sacrificed to a certain extent, and the highest speed is lower than that of the Queen Elizabeth class battleship.

Its bridge design is different from the low and narrow bridge of previous warships. In order to meet the needs of long-distance artillery observation, it is designed as a tower bridge that integrates observation facilities with the bridge.

Nelson-class mounted 16 inch caliber main gun, the turret-type advanced dual-purpose auxiliary gun was used for the first time. Because the main gun has not been tested enough before serving, the main gun with "high initial velocity photoelastic" and the main turret with triple loading are used.

The performance is not ideal, the power improvement of the main gun is quite limited, the barrel life and shooting accuracy are not as good as the original 15-inch caliber gun, and there are many problems in turret reliability.

Long-door class warship

In order to compete for maritime hegemony, Japan, which expanded rapidly in World War I, reformulated the plan of the August 8th Fleet.

The Longmen class battleship is the first type battleship officially built by the Japanese navy according to this plan. The Japanese navy complied with the competition plan of the main ships of the naval power at that time, equipped with larger caliber main guns, higher dynamic performance and increased armor protection.

Trend, according to the experience of previous naval battles, the Japanese navy decided to build battleships with heavy firepower and high speed, and in the shipbuilding competition with the US navy, improve the quality to make up for the shortcomings.