/kloc-in Asia in the middle of the 0/9th century, Japan was in the last shogunate-Tokugawa shogunate era. The tyranny of the powerful Tokugawa shogunate has aroused many people who work as farmers from time to time. The foreign policy of "locking up the country" is implemented, and foreign missionaries, businessmen and civilians are prohibited from entering Japan. Only businessmen from the Netherlands and China (the Qing Empire) were allowed to continue their activities in Nagasaki, which was the only port initially opened to the outside world. In addition, the Tokugawa shogunate also banned Christian belief.

At the same time, in some economically developed areas of Japan, cottage industries or manual workshops began to appear. The system of "hiring workers" appeared in the workshop, forming a capitalist production system. With the rapid expansion of the commodity economy, the strength of the merchant class, especially the financial operators, has gradually increased. Businessmen felt that the old system seriously restricted their development, so they began to call for the reform of the political system. Bourgeois celebrities (princes), warriors and businessmen who demanded system reform formed a political alliance, and together with grassroots farmers who opposed the shogunate, they formed the power base of "anti-shogunate".

1852, brigadier general Matthew Perry of the U.S navy led a fleet into Puhe, near Edo Bay (now Tokyo Bay), and asked for negotiations with the Tokugawa shogunate, which was known as the "black ship incident" in history. 1854, Japan and the United States signed the "Japan-US Goodwill Treaty" in Kanagawa, agreeing to open two ports, Shimoda and Hakodate, to the United States except Nagasaki, and grant the United States MFN treatment. Due to the signing of a series of unequal treaties, the Tokugawa shogunate once again became the object of Japanese social crusade.