See: List of Greek monarchs.

In the history of modern Greek development, foreign forces played a very important role. Because of its superior geographical position, since the decline of the Ottoman Empire, Greece, as an important place to control the Daniil Strait and the front line to block communism, has always been the focus of international interest.

1827 The naval battle of Navarino in June marked the end of Ottoman rule in Greece. The Ottomans ruled Greece until the early19th century. 182 1 year, the Greeks launched the Greek War of Independence and declared their independence. However, it was resisted by Austrian Chancellor metternich, and it was not until 1829 that the movement won the final victory. At that time, European intellectual elites generally worshipped ancient Greek civilization and were hostile to Islamic civilization. They viewed the war sympathetically, thinking that it was the resistance of classical Europe or Christian Europe against foreigners. For example, Eugène Delacroix's emotion in his 1824 work The Holocaust. Some non-Greek volunteers also took part in the battle, such as the poet Byron. At that time, the Ottoman Empire was too powerful for the rebels. In fact, they once came close to completely destroying the rebels, but it was only because of the interference of foreign military forces that it was not realized. 1827 The naval battle of Navarino marked the trend of the war. British, French and Russian ships defeated the joint fleet of Ottoman and Egypt. 1832 became independent and modern Greece appeared.

The massacre of Ios, delacroix.

Anisz Kapodious, a Greek Russian foreign minister, returned to the motherland as the newly established president of the Republic on 1827, but died of assassination four years later. Later, the western powers replaced the republic with a monarchy. Otto I from Bavaria was the first king, and the Danes were his successors. From the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, that is, from 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, Greece launched a series of campaigns against Ottoman, aiming at expanding its territory and absorbing more Greeks living under Ottoman rule. Under the rule of two kings, Otto I and George I, the territory and population of Greece gradually increased until the territory was completed in 1947.

1897, Greece was defeated in the first Greek-Turkish war. But later defeated the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan War.

In World War I, Greece sided with the Allies and opposed the Ottoman Empire and other allies. After the war, western powers ceded a part of Asia Minor to Greece, including the populous Greek city of Smyrna (today's Izmir). At the same time, the Turkish nationalists led by Kemal overthrew the Ottoman government at home and organized military actions against the Greek army to defeat them. Thousands of Turks living in Greece immediately moved back to Turkey and carried out population transfer with a large number of Greek residents living in Turkey.

Although Greece has only a limited number of poorly equipped military forces, it chose to stand on the side of the Allies in World War II and refused to compromise with Italy's demands. 1940101October 28th, Italy invaded, met with stubborn resistance from the Greek army, and repelled the invaders (see the Greek-Italian War), which marked the first victory of the allied forces on the battlefield. Hitler had to intervene in this area for the sake of his south wing. The armies of Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria and Italy defeated the armies of Greece, Britain, Australia and New Zealand and occupied Greece.

The Germans tried to push Crete further through the large-scale action of paratroopers, so as to eliminate the worries of the allied forces attacking the south wing from Egypt. However, it was strongly resisted by the allied forces and the local residents of Crete, and eventually Crete fell. During the Axis rule, thousands of Greeks died in battles, concentration camps or starvation. Despite the rescue of the Greek Orthodox Church and many Greek Christians, most Jewish communities were wiped out by the invaders and the economy was stagnant. After the war, Greece experienced a difficult civil war between royalists and royalists, which lasted until 1949. In the mid-1950s and 1960s, the Greek economy developed slowly. In the early stage, it relied on donations and loans from the Marshall Plan of the United States, and then focused on developing tourism. 1967 On April 2 1 day, the Greek army overthrew the right-wing government of Panayiotis Kanellopoulos by coup and established a military government called "Colonel Regiment". The new regime was supported by the United States, and the CIA was suspected of being involved in the coup. 1973, they deposed the monarch. 1974, the dictator georgios papadopoulos refused the help of the United States, so-it is said that under the instigation of Kissinger-a second coup took place. Colonel Dimitrios Ioannides was appointed as the new head.

Many people believe that Ioannides was responsible for the coup against President Makarios in Cyprus, which was used as an excuse for the first Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974. The Cyprus incident and the bloody suppression of the uprising of Athens University of Technology led to the internal collapse of the military government. Constantine Karamanlis, an exiled politician, returned from Paris to serve as interim prime minister and was re-elected as chairman of the conservative New Democracy Party for two terms. 1975, the referendum confirmed King Constantine's departure, and the new democratic republic constitution came into effect. Another exiled politician, Andreas george papandreou, also returned to the motherland and founded the Pan-Greek Social Movement Party with social democracy. They won the general election with 198 1 and dominated the political affairs of this country for nearly 20 years.

Since the restoration of democracy, the economic and social situation in Greece has improved and grown steadily. 198 1 Join the European Union, and 200 1 accept the euro as the currency. The infrastructure and income from tourism, shipping, services and light industry realized by EU assistance have brought unprecedented living standards to the Greeks. However, on the Cyprus issue and the Aegean border issue, the relationship between Greece and Turkey is still tense, but the successive earthquakes in 1999 and the spontaneous mutual assistance among the people have diluted this contradiction.

On September 6, 2007, parliamentary elections were held. The New Democracy Party won 152 seats, the Pan-Greek Socialist Movement 102 seats, Greece 22 seats, the Left Alliance 14 seats, and the People's Party 10 seats. The Government of the New Democracy Party with Costas Karamanlis as Prime Minister was able to remain in power.

In 2009, the Greek national debt crisis began to attract world attention.