-"Geographical Investigation and Records of Moving Westward in Qing Dynasty" Sun Donghu, a researcher at China Academy of Surveying and Mapping.
"1709 ~1711year, Kangxi ordered the then minister stationed in Tibet to make a map of Tibet, but unfortunately it was not preserved. It is difficult to speculate whether there is Mount Everest on the map. 1714 ~1715, the Qing government sent Zhu Sheng, Lama Churchen Zangbo and Ramben Zhanba, the director of the Institute who had studied mathematics in Qin, to Tibet for surveying and mapping. Under the extremely difficult traffic conditions at that time, they went directly under Mount Everest and made a preliminary measurement of its position and height by using latitude and longitude map and trapezoidal projection method. In the Imperial Map completed in the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi, that is, during the period of 17 17, the location of Mount Qomolangma was clearly marked and named as' Mount Qomolangma Alin'. This map was made into a Manchu bronze version at 17 19, a Chinese wooden version at 172 1, and a map of France in Europe at 1733. On these maps, Mount Everest is named in Manchu, Chinese and French. This map can be said to be the earliest historical document about Mount Everest. If the discovery of Mount Qomolangma means that the mountain was measured, recorded and marked on the map for the first time, then Zhu Sheng, Chu Er Qin Zangbo and Ramben Chamba should be the most qualified to be called the original discoverers. In addition, 1744' s The Unification of the Qing Dynasty also contains "Zhu Mu Mala Mountain", 176 1 year's Waterway Outline contains "Jumulangma" and 1760 ~ 1770' s. Li Zhixin, executive vice president of chinese mountaineering association, narrowly escaped to climb Mount Everest, which has great potential and unique geographical environment. The lowest temperature all year round is-34℃. Mount Everest is of great scientific research value and has long attracted people's attention. 1960, China mountaineers and scientists braved difficulties and overcame many difficulties to climb Mount Everest from the north slope for the first time, creating an unprecedented miracle in the world mountaineering history. Since 1960s, scientists in China have made a comprehensive survey of Mount Everest, and obtained rich and valuable information on paleontology, physical geography, alpine climate, modern glaciers and landforms. 1975, China surveyors climbed Mount Everest again with the cooperation of China mountaineering team, accurately measured its height, and drew a detailed map of Mount Everest. All these provide an extremely important scientific basis for China to develop and utilize the natural resources of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
In the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (17 17), she was called Zhu Mulang Ma Alin in the imperial map. 1855, under the auspices of the British, the Indian Survey Bureau named this mountain after its director, S.G. Ivers. 1952, the People's Republic of China (PRC) government renamed this mountain as Mount Everest. Nepal is called Sakya-Mata. On May 25th, 1960, the People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) mountaineering team climbed to the top from the north slope for the first time. China Academy of Sciences has also organized many large-scale comprehensive scientific investigations and obtained a lot of important scientific data. Once exceeded12000 m.
The fourth comprehensive scientific research on Mount Qomolangma is under intense pressure. Geologists collected samples of tensile deformed rocks in the area of Mount Everest. Through analysis and calculation, it is found that the height of Mount Everest may be much higher than 8848 meters13 million years ago, and once exceeded 12000 meters. Ding Lin, chief scientist of the Geological Group of the Everest Comprehensive Scientific Research and researcher of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told the reporter: "This scientific research has found tensile and deformed rock formations in many places in the Everest region, which proves that there is indeed a fault zone on the northern slope of the Himalayas, and Everest is on this fault zone."
According to researcher Ding Lin, Mount Qomolangma is divided into three layers in rock structure: the Everest layer, the Yellow Belt layer and the North Depression layer. From the discovery, great rock deformation and geological changes have taken place in the northern depression. "According to our observation and calculation, the tensile rate of rocks in the northern depression of Mount Everest is about 150%, and the tensile deformation age is about13 million years ago." Researcher Ding Lin said: "This means that the height of Mount Everest may be much higher than it is now." For example, he said: If a square with a side length of 1 is stretched to 1.5, it means that the height of the side will be reduced to 0.67. If calculated according to this rule, the height of 8000m in the northern depression of Mount Qomolangma should be11900m at that time, and the height of Mount Qomolangma should exceed 12000 years ago with the addition of the Everest layer and the yellow belt layer with little change of about 700-800m.
At an altitude of about 4,700 meters, the reporter followed researcher Ding Lin to visit the typical area of rock deformation. There are many large and small "S"-shaped rock formations in the exposed mountain. These rock formations were originally continuous, flat and uniform, but they became like this due to stretching and squeezing.
Researcher Ding Lin said that about 65 million years ago, as the Indian plate began to squeeze into the Asian plate, the Himalayas began to uplift and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau began to form. About 6.5438+0.3 million years ago, Mount Everest, which reached its peak, began to fracture due to its own weight and other reasons, and gradually balanced after crustal movement, eventually forming this height. It has also become the curiosity of many mountaineering enthusiasts. 1852, the Indian Survey Bureau measured the height of Mount Everest as 8840 meters through geodesy.
1852, the survey team headed by the Englishman Waffle measured 8840 meters on the Indian plain, and determined Mount Everest as the highest mountain in the world for the first time. At the beginning of the 20th century, 8882m measured by barometric pressure was taken as the altitude of Mount Everest abroad, which was also adopted by China.
1949, Leonardo Clark, an American, according to the traditional method, measured that the Qingfeng Mountain in Anima was higher than Mount Everest193m, and thought that Mount Everest was not the highest mountain in the world, which was later proved to be overthrown.
195 1 year, the king of Qin first proposed to restore the name of Mount Everest.
1952 China officially restored the name of Mount Everest.
1954, Indian geographers took different positions on the south side of Mount Everest as the benchmark, and obtained the result of 8848 meters above sea level. Up to now, Nepal has called Mount Everest Sakimata, with an altitude of 8,848 meters.
1958, Lin Chao clearly pointed out in the article The Discovery and Naming of Mount Everest: "Yes1715 ~1717 years ago, China surveyors who went to Tibet recorded this mountain scientifically on the map, and Helan, a secret place in Chu Er, occupied it.
1975, under the principle of "mountaineering, mapping and scientific research", China set up a 3.5-meter beacon on Mount Everest for the first time. The elevation of Mount Everest is determined to be 8848.38+03m through six surveying and mapping points over 6000m. "Mount Qomolangma was first discovered and named by China people, and it was accurately measured for the first time in 1975", and it was also selected as the "Centennial Discovery of China Geography" jointly sponsored by chinese national geography magazine and China Geographical Society in 2009.
1On July 23rd, 975, China Municipal Government authorized Xinhua News Agency to announce to the world that the height of Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world, was 8848.5438+03m, which was accurately measured by surveyors in China. This data has been recognized all over the world. Since then, in authoritative maps and other publications, the height of Mount Everest is 8848 or 848.38+0 meters above sea level.
1In March, 1987, newspapers and magazines in the United States and Italy reported an amazing news: Professor George Walstam, an American astronomer, measured the height of China's Mount Qogory at 8859 meters, which is 1 1 meter higher than Mount Everest. However, in the same year, under the leadership of Italian Adito De Giorgio, the true heights of Mount Qomolangma and Jogory were calculated by using Global Positioning System (GPS) to be 8872m and 8616m respectively, and Mount Qomolangma was once again determined as the highest mountain in the world. Deggio's own measurement is also called the worst measurement of this century.
During May 1992 and October 10 10, the United States and Italy respectively used GPS technology and photoelectric rangefinder technology to re-measure the height of Mount Everest. The data provided by Degio is 8846.6438+00 meters, which is 2.03 meters less than that provided by China.
From 65438 to 0999, the National Geographic Society of the United States used the then global positioning system to make measurements. After analyzing the measurement data, the University of Colorado at Boulder calculated that the elevation of Mount Everest was 8850 meters.
10 On June 9th, according to the Surveying and Mapping Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), the State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping officially announced the new data obtained from the elevation survey of Mount Everest in 2005: the elevation of the rock surface at the summit of Mount Everest is 8844.43 meters. Parameters: the accuracy of rock surface elevation measurement at the summit of Mount Everest is 0.21m; The depth of ice and snow on the summit is 3.50 meters. The original Everest elevation data published by 1975 stopped using. This achievement has been recognized by UNESCO and other countries in the world. This is the first time to measure the height of the rock surface of Mount Everest. It is said to be the most accurate measurement so far, which is 3.7 meters lower than the height of 8848. 13 meters measured by 1975 (8848 meters based on the snow height in Nepal). In order to obtain more accurate authoritative data, the Bureau of Surveying and Mapping adopted the technical scheme of combining classical survey with satellite GPS survey, and used the ice and snow depth radar detector for the first time in Everest survey, but there are other reports that the height of Mount Everest reaches 8846. 1, 8840, 8850, 885 1 or 8872 meters.
Because the earth is not a complete circle, even if Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world, its summit is not the farthest point from the center of the earth. This special point is Mount Chimborazo in South America. Seen from the bottom of the sea, the highest mountain in the world is the Monaque volcano, with a height of10203m.
On June 5, 2065438/KLOC-0, the National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping Geographic Information said that the earthquake in Nepal caused the Everest region to move 3 cm southwest, and the elevation direction remained basically unchanged. At the same time, from 2005 to 20 15 and 10, the Everest region moved to the northeast at a speed of about 4 cm per year and rose at a speed of about 0.3 cm per year. 10 year, with a shift of 40 cm and an increase of 3 cm.