1. Questions and answers about COVID-19
What is novel coronavirus? The epidemic coronavirus is a newly discovered coronavirus, which was named SARS-Cov-2 by the International Committee for Virus Classification. Because people lack immunity to new virus strains, people are generally susceptible.
2. What caused COVID-19?
Caused by SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus, WHO named the diseases caused by SARS-Cov-2 infection as coronavirus pneumonia-19, and most of them can cause pneumonia, which is called novel coronavirus/COVID-19.
3. What are the pathogenic characteristics of novel coronavirus?
Coronavirus is an unsegmented single-stranded positive-stranded RNA virus, which is named because the virus envelope protrudes like a corolla.
This virus is sensitive to ultraviolet light and high temperature. Fat solvents such as 56℃ for 30 minutes, 75% ethanol, chlorine-containing disinfectant, peracetic acid and chloroform can effectively inactivate the virus, but chlorhexidine can't effectively inactivate the virus.
4. What is the source of infection in novel coronavirus?
At present, the main source of infection is novel coronavirus infected people. Asymptomatic infected people may also become the source of infection.
5. What is the mode of communication in novel coronavirus?
Transmission through respiratory droplets and close contact is the main route of transmission. In the case of long-term contact with high concentration aerosol in a relatively closed environment, it may spread through aerosol. Since novel coronavirus can be separated from feces and urine, attention should be paid to aerosol or contact transmission caused by environmental pollution of feces and urine.
6. Who are the susceptible groups in novel coronavirus?
People are generally susceptible.
7. What is droplet propagation?
Droplets: It is generally believed that water-containing particles with a diameter of > > 5um can enter the surface of susceptible mucosa through a certain distance (generally 1m).
Generation of water droplets:
(1) Cough, sneeze or talk;
(2) Implement invasive respiratory tract operations, such as sputum aspiration or tracheal intubation, turning over, patting the back and other processes to stimulate cough and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
8. What is contact transmission?
Direct contact: pathogens are transmitted through direct contact with mucous membranes or skin.
(1) Blood or bloody body fluids enter the human body through mucosa or damaged skin;
(2) Direct contact with secretions containing pathogens will lead to transmission.
9. What is aerosol transmission?
Aerosol propagation refers to that fog drops lose moisture in the process of air suspension, leaving a nucleus composed of protein and pathogens, forming a fog drop nucleus, which can float to far places in the form of aerosol, resulting in long-distance propagation.
10. What is close contact?
Cases (observed and confirmed cases) have one of the following contacts after the onset:
(1) Case * * * People who live, study, work or have close contact with others;
(two) medical personnel, family members or other personnel who have similar close contact with the case did not take effective protective measures in the process of diagnosis, treatment, nursing and visiting the case;
(3) Other patients and caregivers in the same ward;
(4) the same case and car, with close contacts;
(5) those who are considered qualified by the on-site investigators after investigation.
1 1. What are the clinical manifestations of COVID-19's patients?
According to the current epidemiological investigation, the incubation period is 1 ~ 14 days, mostly 3 ~ 7 days. The main manifestations are fever, dry cough and fatigue. A few patients have symptoms such as stuffy nose, runny nose, sore throat, myalgia and diarrhea. Some children and newborns may have atypical symptoms, such as vomiting, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal symptoms or just mental weakness and shortness of breath. Mild patients only show low fever and mild fatigue. , and no pneumonia. Judging from the current cases, most patients have a good prognosis, and a few patients are in critical condition. The elderly and the chronically ill
The prognosis of patients with basic diseases is poor. The symptoms of children's cases are relatively mild.
12. How to identify and observe COVID-19 cases in clinic?
Suspected cases:
Combined with the comprehensive analysis of the following epidemiological history and clinical manifestations:
1. Epidemiological history: have a travel history or residence history in Wuhan and its surrounding areas or other communities with reported cases within 14 days before onset; Have a history of contact with novel coronavirus infected people (those with positive nucleic acid test) within 0/4 days before onset; Contact with patients with fever or respiratory symptoms from Wuhan and its surrounding areas or from communities with reported cases within 0/4 days before onset/KLOC-; Cluster onset (more than 2 cases of fever or respiratory symptoms in small areas such as home, office and school class within 2 weeks).
2. Clinical manifestations: fever or respiratory symptoms; It has the characteristics of novel coronavirus imaging; At the beginning of the disease, the total number of white blood cells is normal or decreased, and the lymphocyte count is normal or decreased.
Have any epidemiological history and meet any two clinical manifestations. There was no clear epidemiological history, which was consistent with the clinical manifestations of 3 cases.
Confirmed cases:
Suspected cases with etiological or serological evidence: novel coronavirus nucleic acid was detected by real-time fluorescence RT-PCR; Sequencing of virus genes highly homologous to known novel coronavirus; Serum novel coronavirus-specific IgM antibody and IgG antibody were positive (serum novel coronavirus-specific IgG antibody changed from negative to positive or the recovery period was more than 4 times higher than that in acute phase).
13. What are the clinical types of COVID-19?
It is divided into light, ordinary, heavy and critical types.
14. How to differentiate diagnosis in COVID-19?
The mild manifestations of novel coronavirus infection should be differentiated from upper respiratory tract infections caused by other viruses. COVID-19 is mainly distinguished from known viral pneumonia and mycoplasma pneumoniae infection such as influenza virus, adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. It should also be differentiated from non-infectious diseases, such as vasculitis, dermatomyositis and organized pneumonia.
15. What are the prevention and control measures in COVID-19?
(1) standard preventive measures;
(2) Preventive measures for airborne transmission;
(3) Precautions against contact and droplets: Wash hands frequently and wear a mask when going out;
(4) room ventilation;
2. COVID-19 epidemic prevention tips.
1. What role does hand washing have in preventing respiratory diseases? Proper hand washing is one of the most effective measures to prevent diarrhea and respiratory tract infection. Authorities such as the National Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention all recommend washing hands with soap and clean water (tap water).
2. Formula and essentials of seven-step water washing method
Within (1): relative friction of palms;
(2) Outside: the palm rubs the back of the hand;
(3) Clamping: palms are opposite and fingers cross and rub;
(4) Bow: Bow your fingers, hold hands with each other, and rub the protruding part of the bone;
(5) big: one hand holds the thumb of the other hand and rotates and rubs;
(6) Standing: put your fingers together, stand your fingertips on the palm of the other hand, and rotate and knead;
(7) Wrist: Hold the wrist of the other hand with one hand and rotate and rub.
When do you need to wash your hands?
(1) Before and after file transfer;
(2) After coughing or sneezing;
(3) Before, during and after food preparation;
(4) before eating;
(5) After going to the toilet;
(6) when your hands are dirty;
(7) After contact with others;
(8) After contact with animals;
(9) After you come back from going out.
4. What should I do if there is no clear water during the trip and it is not convenient to wash my hands?
You can wash your hands with alcoholic disinfection products. Human coronavirus is not acid and alkali resistant, and is sensitive to organic solvents and disinfectants. 75% alcohol can inactivate the virus, so disinfection products with a certain concentration of alcohol can be used as a substitute for washing hands with soap and tap water.
5. How to use the mask correctly?
(1) Disposable masks and medical masks have two sides. Take disposable masks as an example. Most of them are dark in color, with the front facing outwards. Please read the instructions on the mask package for details.
(2) Pay attention to the part with metal strip above the mask, and don't wear it backwards. After distinguishing the front and back, the upper end and the lower end of the mask clearly, wash your hands first, and hang the ropes at both ends on your ears after determining whether the mask is correct;
(3) After wearing the mask, you need to press the metal strips on both sides of the bridge of the nose with both hands, so that the upper end of the mask is close to the bridge of the nose, and then stretch the mask downward so that the mask is not wrinkled and covers the nose and mouth.
6. Precautions for using masks
(1) During the epidemic in COVID-19, non-medical high-risk personnel are advised to wear disposable medical masks or medical surgical masks. The use time of masks can be appropriately extended and can be used repeatedly. Masks are for special use only and cannot be used interchangeably between people. Wash your hands before wearing a mask, and avoid touching the inside of the mask when wearing a mask. If the mask is dirty, deformed, damaged or smelly, it should be replaced in time.
(2) If the mask is contaminated by respiratory/nasal secretions and other body fluids, it should be replaced immediately.
(3) If you need to use the mask again, you can hang it in a clean, dry and ventilated place or put it in a clean and breathable paper bag. Masks should be stored separately to avoid contact with each other, and the users of masks should be marked.
(4) Medical standard protective masks cannot be cleaned, nor can disinfectants and heating be used for disinfection.
7. How do special people wear masks?
(1) pregnant women should pay attention to their own situation when wearing protective masks and choose products with better comfort;
(2) The elderly and patients with chronic heart and lung diseases will feel uncomfortable after wearing it, and even aggravate the original condition, so they should seek professional guidance from doctors;
3. Dealing with special circumstances
1. What should I do if I am polluted by the patient's blood, body fluids and secretions? When the following situations occur, it needs to be disinfected in time:
(1) If the skin is polluted by pollutants, the pollutants should be removed immediately, and then the disposable absorbent material should be soaked in 0.5% iodophor disinfectant or chlorine-containing disinfectant and hydrogen peroxide disinfectant to wipe and disinfect for more than 3 minutes, and then cleaned with clear water;
(2) If the mucosa is polluted by pollutants, it should be washed with plenty of normal saline;
(3) If clothes are contaminated by pollutants, treat them as patients' clothes. If there are no pollutants visible to the naked eye, it can be disinfected by steam or boiling for 30 minutes, or soaked in 500mg/L chlorine-containing disinfectant for 30 minutes, and then cleaned routinely. Valuable clothes can be sterilized with ethylene oxide.
2. How to manage patients with fever during the COVID-19 epidemic?
(1) does not conform to the epidemiological history, only has fever, and the body temperature is lower than 37.3℃. It is recommended to strictly isolate at home, drink plenty of warm water and check the body temperature 1 for 2 days, but it has not improved. Go to the clinic and emergency department, and wear a mask when going out.
(2) Do not conform to the epidemiological history, have a fever higher than 37.3℃, have a sore throat and cough, and should go to the outpatient department and the emergency department for treatment, and follow the doctor's arrangement;
(3) Fever patients who meet the epidemiological history should wear medical surgical masks or N95 masks, stay as far away from other people as possible on the road and in the hospital, register at the fever clinic, and follow the doctor's arrangement.
The epidemic is coming, what should we do in the face of panic?
(1) Maintain the stability of life. It is very important to keep a normal, regular and healthy life.
(2) acceptance and perception. There are always many things in life that you can't do. Accept yourself and stop blaming yourself.
(3) Make a list of happy reaction events for yourself, and write down those things that will make you happy, such as making a phone call with your good friends, taking a hot bath, doing aerobic exercise, playing games with your family, and completing a long-delayed plan. ...
(4) Put down your mobile phone, stop paying too much attention to the epidemic and do the things in the happy reaction list.
(5) When there is a stress reaction (such as unable to sleep, unable to eat, poor memory, inattention, poor physical strength and energy, or seeing the symptoms of COVID-19 introduced on the Internet, you will feel dry throat, sore throat, chest tightness, dizziness, etc. ), seek professional help in time.
(6) novel coronavirus confirmed patients (severe and above inpatients), front-line medical personnel, disease control personnel and management personnel should seek professional evaluation and intervention.