The first development stage (1839 ~ 1954)

Camera technology moves from embryonic form to mature and perfect stage of optical machine; The main components of the camera are in the stage of being invented and put into the camera; Various types of cameras are in the finalization stage. Camera types mainly include:

1.35mm lens shutter head-up camera;

2.35mm focal plane shutter head-up camera;

3.35mm SLR camera;

4. 120 SLR camera;

5. 120 dual-reflex camera;

6. 135 and 120 folding cameras;

7. Professional cameras with medium format and large format,

Among these cameras, the 35mm SLR camera has the most complicated structure and high technical requirements. 1950 adopts roof prism to make the view from top to horizontal, 1954 adopts mirror quick instantaneous reset mechanism and automatic aperture contraction method, which makes the 35mm SLR camera as easy to operate as a head-up view camera. Moreover, because SLR cameras can directly observe the image passing through the photographic lens, there is no parallax, and they can change the lens to take close-ups, so SLR cameras have been rapidly developed and popularized.

The second development stage (1955 ~ 1974)

The main representative technologies are manual and electric exposure control relying on photometry. The optical part has been extended from simple optical imaging technology to luminosity, chromaticity, photometric components and photoelectric conversion technology. On the basis of simplifying the structure and reducing the number of parts, the mechanical part has added a control part combined with photoelectric conversion, and the electrical part has developed from a simple micro-ammeter control circuit to a transistor discrete component, a thick film circuit, an integrated circuit (ic) and an analog or digital control circuit. At this stage, the technologies developed mainly include:

1. Use microammeter to realize manual exposure control of electrophotometry;

2. Micro ammeter and pre-selected shutter speed realize speed priority automatic exposure control;

3. Realize the automatic exposure control of the aperture priority electronic shutter;

4. According to the electro-photometry, automatic exposure control is realized by using microammeter through program shutter;

5. Realizing automatic exposure control of electronic program shutter;

A the shutter speed and aperture value are changed simultaneously according to the program. Micro-ammeter is replaced by photosensitive element, control circuit and relay, and automatic exposure control is carried out by electronic shutter.

B, the lens structure is designed in the form of a rear shutter;

C. The control circuit has developed from discrete components, thick film circuits and general IC to special IC, realizing multi-function control;

6. The steel focal plane shutter has been successfully applied to SLR cameras;

7. The SLR camera realizes the manual and automatic exposure control of TTL internal metering;

A.TTL has built-in metering, micro ammeter display, and manual exposure control through pointer tracking, fixed point and balance indication;

B.TTL internal metering, IC application, LED display and manual exposure control;

C.TTL internal metering, and the aperture is preferentially controlled by the focal plane electronic shutter to realize automatic exposure.

The third development stage (1975 ~ 1985)

On the basis of automatic exposure control, the automatic function is further expanded, and multi-mode control is realized through microprocessor technology.

35mm lens shutter camera:

1. An electronic program shutter with an electronic self-timer appeared;

2. The flash is installed in the camera, which forms an organic unity with the camera and implements synchronous control (the first revolutionary wave);

3. Realize automatic flash control (automatic ignition and automatic charging);

4. Realizing autofocus (the second revolutionary wave);

5. Automatic film rewinding and rewinding (the third revolutionary wave);

6. The emergence of dual focus and zoom system (the fourth revolutionary wave);

7. There are subminiature and goggles cameras;

8. Printing and digital recording device for appearance date;

9. The movie DX coding system appeared.

35mm SLR camera:

1. Integrated injection logic gate technology is widely used. Chip components and ASIC chips are mounted on flexible printed circuit board by surface mount technology developed in 1980s.

2. Applying CPU processing and control technology to realize CPU multi-mode control;

A. Manual exposure control, aperture priority, speed priority, aperture contraction photometric control and automatic flash adjustment are realized;

B in 1978, 1982, 1983 and 1985, various types and modes of program exposure control are realized.

3. Realize automatic focusing control;

4. Diversified metering methods, from average metering, center key metering and OTF deviating from the film plane to direct metering, spot metering, multi-area metering, TTL flash metering and sunshine flash synchronous metering on the image plane;

5. Realize double-priority automatic exposure control;

6. An electric film winding and rewinding mechanism is arranged in the machine body;

7. The high-speed steel shutter appears, and the speed is increased to1/4000s;

8. Multi-mode display in the form of program curve through LED and LCD;

9. A high-magnification zoom lens appeared;

10. A large aperture lens appeared.

The fourth development stage (1985 ~ 1995)

With the improvement of various unit technologies needed for camera development, camera research and development began to enter the stage of function selection and integration in the middle and late 1980s, and the method of new product development has changed. The main form is to integrate various unit technologies with precision hardware and software as the core to form an organic whole. At this stage, the newly developed functions mainly include:

35mm lens shutter camera:

1. New technologies such as focusing, flashing, exposure and photography mode are constantly emerging.

2. hand shock prevention or hand shock compensation technology (1993 zoom 700 VR QD published by Nikon)

3. The whole film can be shot in standard frame, panoramic frame or both.

4. The 4.LCD screen is illuminated by a new luminous body (using light storage phosphor).

5. Safety locking mechanism to prevent the back cover from being opened by mistake

6. Film loading date display

7. Infrared remote control technology

8. Low angle viewfinder

9. Waterproof technology

10. The camera body is equipped with a tripod.

35mm SLR camera:

1. Explore the ranging technology that can focus correctly under various conditions;

2. Various multi-element or array sensors and their information processing technologies;

3. Various lens driving technologies before focusing or zooming (such as DDC micro forward motor, coreless motor, AFD, USM);

4. Explore the technology that can correctly measure the exposure under various conditions;

5. The flash has many functions and powerful functions;

6. Development of various photography modes or special photography modes;

7. A large number of new functions based on software have appeared, and the software has been widely used in focusing, metering, flashing, exposure and photography modes;

8. Without changing the hardware structure of the camera, users can choose their own functions, or choose, set, adjust, transform and expand various new functions according to their own needs by replacing or adding the software and hardware in the camera, so as to realize the modular and personalized design of the camera;

9. New technologies of function expansion and information exchange (such as Minolta's art expansion card system, Canon's bar code program input, Nikon's IC card to exchange information between camera and electronic notebook, Kyocera's ABF system);

10. digital loop, fuzzy logic and neural network control technology;

1 1. Neuron learning method and fuzzy theory (Nikon F70d);

12. Design and manufacturing technology of floating lens and apochromatic lens;

13. Development and application of special engineering plastics (such as glass jar fiber reinforced polycarbonate as fuselage);

14. Noise reduction and vibration prevention technology

Sound attenuation and vibration absorption material (Nikon F70D)

Rotor-less motor (Nikon F 100)

Support the whole camera with one leg or tripod.

A device is designed to reduce hand vibration and shutter mechanism motion vibration.

Anti-shake conversion lens (1987, Canon EOS)

Image stabilization controller (Canon)

Lens Anti-shake is Technology (Canon EOS3)

Angle-changing prism (1992, Canon)

Balancer system (Nikon F5)

Shutter and mirror damping system

Damping structure (Nikon F 100)

Mechanical floating design (Nikon F 100)

Change from gear drive to belt drive (Minolta α-si)

Design of separation of lens and fuselage

15. Halfway switching technology between full and panoramic images;

16. A new SLR camera viewfinder (Olympus IS 1000, hybrid camera) appeared.

The fifth development stage (1996 ~)

1. Automatic induction photometry (Minolta Dimage V)

2. Automatic painting focusing (Minolta DimageV)

3. Minolta Dimage V, the first rotating and splitting lens design.

The influence of lens vibration can be reduced.

Conducive to self-portraits or sneak shots.

Convenient for multi-directional flash lighting shooting.

4. The sliding cover structure can achieve the dual effects of miniaturization and good operability (Fuji Epion 100 MRC TIARA ix).

5. minolta RD- 175, dichroic photosensitive system of the first dichroic prism.

6. Detachable anti-infrared low-thickness filter (CANOEOS D2000)

7. Camera or photographer (CANOEOS D2000) selects the automatic white balance function of sunlight, tungsten lamp, fluorescent lamp and flash light source.

8. Single-point autofocus: Use the single-point autofocus algorithm to measure the focus position from the subject in the center of the lens (Kodak DC260 zoom).

9. Multi-point autofocus: Use the multi-point autofocus algorithm to measure the focus position from three positions on the lens (Kodak DC260 zoom).

10. Digital zoom (Kodak DC260 zoom)

1 1. Use an automatic rotation sensor to measure the tilt angle of the camera and rotate the photo (Kodak DC260 zoom).

12. Parallel continuous shooting with the same focal length and different angles can combine up to 9 pictures into a photo of Zhang Quanjing (Casio QV-7000SX).

13. Black and white mode, earthy tones mode and movie mode (Casio QV-7000SX)

14. Watermark function (Kodak DC260 zoom)

15. Fast infrared data transmission (Casio QV-7000SX)

16. The principle of ergonomics is widely and deeply applied to guide the design of camera shape structure and various operating mechanisms;

A. Using engineering plastics, composite components, precision electronic circuits and CAD technology, the camera structure and internal settings are more reasonable, smaller in size and lighter in weight.

B. Carefully designed handle: concave-convex texture treatment, non-slip soft rubber.

C. Design of incision angle

D. Design and layout of shutter speed adjustment dial and shutter release button

E. Introduction of Double Shutter Button

F, handle the surfaces of knobs, buttons or keys that are easy to be confused into different shapes or textures, so that the photographer can not only effectively prevent misoperation, but also complete various functional operations with the touch of fingers.

G. dial, knob and keys, the basic operation keys are set on the top surface of the right side of the camera and the top surface of the grip, and the operation keys for creative photography and inputting basic data are set on the top surface of the left side.

H. The design of viewfinder fully considers human visual factors: diopter adjuster, high eyepiece viewfinder and lens eyepiece goggles.

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camera

A camera is an optical instrument used for photography. After the light reflected by the shot scene is focused by the camera lens and the shutter that controls the exposure, the shot scene forms a latent image on the photosensitive material in the camera box, and forms a permanent image after being developed and fixed. This technology is called photography.

The earliest camera structure was very simple, including only a black box, a lens and photosensitive materials. Modern cameras are more complicated, including lens, aperture, shutter, ranging, framing, metering, film transmission, counting, self-timer and other systems. It is a complex product integrating optics, precision machinery, electronic technology and chemistry.

Before 400 BC, Mozi recorded pinhole imaging in Mo Jing. /kloc-in the 0/3rd century, an image black box made by pinhole imaging principle appeared in Europe. People walked into the black box to watch images or paint landscapes. 1550, the Italian cardano put the lenticular lens in the original pinhole position, and the imaging effect is brighter and clearer than the black box; 1558, the Italian Barbaro added an aperture to the device in cardano, which greatly improved the imaging clarity. 1665, John Zhang, a German monk, designed and made a small portable single-lens reflex camera box, which could only be used for painting because there was no photosensitive material at that time.

1822, the Frenchman Niepce made the world's first photo on the photosensitive material, but the image was not clear and needed eight hours of exposure. In 1826, he took a photo through a black box on the tin floor coated with photosensitive asphalt.

1839, Daguerre made the first practical silver camera, which consisted of two wooden cases. One wooden box is inserted into another to focus, and the lens cover is used as a shutter. Only by controlling the exposure time for 30 minutes can a clear image be taken.

1860, Sutton, England designed the first single-lens reflex camera with a rotatable viewfinder. 1862, Detrie, a Frenchman, stacked two cameras together, one for taking pictures and the other for taking pictures, forming the prototype of a dual-lens camera. 1880, Baker of England made a double-lens reflex camera.

With the development of photosensitive materials, dry plates coated with silver bromide photosensitive materials appeared in 187 1 year, and films based on nitrocellulose (celluloid) appeared in 1884.

With the appearance of magnifying technology and particle film, the quality of lens has been improved accordingly. In 1902, Rudolf made a famous "Tiansai" lens by using the third-order aberration theory established by Cedell in 1855 and the high refractive index and low dispersion optical glass successfully researched by Abbe in188/0/year. Due to the reduction of various aberrations, the imaging quality is greatly improved. On this basis, in 19 13, a small Lycra camera with 35 mm film punched in the negative was designed and manufactured in Barnach, Germany.

However, all the 35 mm cameras in this period used perspective viewfinders without rangefinders. 1930 to make color film; 193 1 Germany Contex camera has been equipped with a double-image coincidence rangefinder based on the principle of triangular ranging, which improves the focusing accuracy, and adopts aluminum alloy die-casting body and metal curtain shutter for the first time.

1935, a single-lens reflex camera of Ek Saquetoux appeared in Germany, making it easier to focus and change lenses. In order to make the camera exposure accurate, Kodak camera began to install selenium photocell exposure meter at 1938. 1947, Germany began to produce Contax S five-prism single-lens reflex camera, which made the viewfinder image no longer upside down, and changed the top view to head-up focusing framing, making photography more convenient.

1956, the Federal Republic of Germany first manufactured an electric eye camera with automatic exposure control; After 1960, cameras began to adopt electronic technology, and many forms of automatic exposure and electronic program shutters appeared; 1975, the operation of the camera began to be automated.

There are many kinds of cameras, which can be divided into landscape cameras, printing and plate-making cameras, document microfilm cameras, microscopic cameras, underwater cameras, aerial cameras, high-speed cameras and so on. According to the size of photographic film, it can be divided into 1 10 camera (picture 13× 17mm), 126 camera (picture 28× 28mm) and 135 camera (picture 24×/kloc).

Any classification method cannot include all cameras, and a camera can be divided into several categories. For example, 135 camera forms a complex spectrum according to its different ways of framing, shutter, metering, film transmission, exposure, flashing, focusing and self-timer.

The camera uses the linear propagation characteristics of light and the law of refraction and reflection of light, takes photons as the carrier, and transmits the light information of the shooting scene to the photosensitive material in the form of energy through the photographic lens, and finally becomes a visible image.

The optical imaging system of the camera is designed according to the principle of geometric optics. Through the lens, the scene image is accurately focused on the image plane through the linear propagation, refraction or reflection of light.

Proper exposure should be controlled when taking pictures, that is, the amount of photons reaching the photosensitive material should be controlled properly. Because the range of photons received by silver salt photosensitive materials is limited, too few photons form latent image nuclei, and too many photons form overexposure, so the image cannot be distinguished. The camera uses the aperture to change the aperture of the lens to control the amount of photons reaching the photosensitive material in a unit time, and at the same time, the exposure time is determined by changing the opening and closing time of the shutter.

As far as the function of photography is concerned, a camera should have three structural systems: imaging, exposure and assistance. The imaging system includes imaging lens, ranging and focusing, framing system, additional lens, filter, effect mirror and so on. Exposure system includes shutter mechanism, aperture mechanism, metering system, flash system, self-timer mechanism, etc. The auxiliary system includes a film winding mechanism, a counting mechanism and a film rewinding mechanism.

Lens is an optical system for imaging, which consists of a series of optical lenses and lens barrels. Each lens has two characteristic data: focal length and relative aperture. The viewfinder is a device for selecting scenery and composition. Everything you can see through the viewfinder can be shot on film. A rangefinder can measure the distance of a scene, and it is often combined with a viewfinder. Through the linkage mechanism, ranging can be linked with lens focusing and focus can be completed at the same time.

Optical perspective or single-lens reflective viewfinder rangefinder must be operated manually and judged by naked eyes. In addition, there are photoelectric ranging, sonar ranging, infrared ranging and other methods, which can avoid manual operation, avoid the error caused by naked eye judgment and realize automatic ranging.

Shutter is the main component to control exposure. The most common shutters are lens shutter and focal plane shutter. The lens shutter consists of a group of thin metal blades. Under the action of the main spring, the blade is quickly opened and closed under the action of the connecting rod and the shifting ring. The focal plane shutter is composed of two sets of partially overlapped curtains (front curtain and Hou Lian), which are installed near the front of the focal plane. Two curtains are activated to form a gap. The gap is swept in front of the film to realize exposure.

Aperture, also called diaphragm, is a mechanism to limit the passage of light beams, which is installed in the middle or behind the lens. Aperture can change the aperture of energy light and control the exposure together with the shutter. There are two kinds of common apertures: continuous variable aperture and discontinuous variable aperture.

Self-timer mechanism is a device that plays a delaying role in the process of photography for photographers to take selfies. When using the self-timer mechanism, first release the delay device, and then automatically release the shutter after the delay. There are two self-timer mechanisms: mechanical and electronic. The mechanical self-timer mechanism is a gear-driven delay mechanism, which can generally delay 8 ~ 12 seconds. Electronic selfie mechanism uses electronic delay line to control shutter release.

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