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Ancient political history of China

First, the evolution and development trend of authoritarian centralization

Qin Dynasty-Han Dynasty-Sui and Tang Dynasties-Song Dynasty-Yuan Dynasty-Ming and Qing Dynasties

Establish, consolidate, improve, strengthen and strengthen the peak.

Centralized autocracy

↓ ↓

Solve the contradiction between the central and local governments ←|→ Solve the contradiction between monarchical power and relative power.

Maintaining national unity has both positive and negative effects on strengthening autocracy.

Development trend: continuous strengthening, from centralization to autocracy

Second, division and unity.

1, the reason for the split

(1) Decentralization of feudal natural economy. (dominant)

(2) The weakening of authoritarian rule and the expansion of local separatist forces. (Political corruption)

(3) The struggle for power and interests within the feudal ruling group. (Intensify contradictions)

(4) Contradictions and struggles between the ruling classes of all ethnic groups.

2. Reasons for unification

Unification is an inevitable trend of historical development, and the reasons are as follows:

(1) Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the establishment and development of centralization has effectively consolidated the unity of multi-ethnic countries.

⑵ From the ideological point of view, the Chinese nation produced a unified ideological requirement very early, which was developed into a "great unity" thought by Confucianism and became the ideological source of the strong cohesion of the Chinese nation.

(3) Ethnic integration has enhanced the cohesion between ethnic groups.

(4) The strong attraction of the advanced economy and culture of the Han nationality in the Central Plains makes ethnic minorities yearn for the Central Plains. (conquered)

3. Assessment:

(1) Division is a tributary of historical development and is in a short-lived and secondary position.

(1) In terms of time, the division of feudal society did not exceed several hundred years.

(2) From the perspective of dynasties, important dynasties are unified dynasties, which have great and far-reaching influence.

(3) From the period of division, division breeds unity and local unity appears.

(2) Division and reunification should be analyzed in detail, especially ethnic division cannot be generalized and simply denied.

⑶ Unification is the mainstream of historical development and occupies a major position. We should fully affirm the historical and progressive role of national reunification.

Third, the rise and fall of chaos.

1, the cause of ruling the world

(1) The ruling class adjusted its ruling policy.

After a long period of war, division and the establishment of a new dynasty, the rulers generally realized the power of the people, learned the lessons from the demise of the previous dynasty, adjusted their ruling policies, strengthened centralization in politics, and adopted the policy of self-cultivation and family harmony in economy, which led to the rapid development of social economy and the situation of governing the world.

(2) Under the unified situation, the political situation is stable, the politics is clear and the economy is prosperous. (Kaiyuan Shi Sheng)

(3) After experiencing a serious social crisis, after reform and adjustment, ZTE emerged. (Guangwu Zhongxing)

(4) Enlightened ethnic policies enable all ethnic groups to live in harmony and have friendly exchanges. (Zhenguan rule)

5] The hard work of the broad masses of working people.

2. Causes of troubled times

(1) rules darkness and decay. For example, the emperor ignored political affairs and reused treacherous court officials and eunuchs, resulting in the phenomenon that consorts or eunuchs were authoritarian. (Han, Tang, Ming)

(2) contradictions within the ruling class have intensified. (or the contradiction between the central and local governments intensifies)

The weakening of centralization and the expansion of local separatist forces. For example: Eastern Han Dynasty, Late Tang Dynasty

The ruling class struggles for power and profits, and contradictions intensify. For example: Western Jin Dynasty

(3) The role of the peasant war. A large amount of land was annexed by landlords, which led to peasant exile and peasant uprising.

(4) Natural disasters.

Step 3 understand

(1) affirmed its progressive role in managing the world, but we should also see that the status of all classes has not fundamentally changed, and the basic social contradictions between the peasant class and the landlord class have not changed. It is the exploitation of farmers by the ruling class that allows society to manage the world.

⑵ Turbulent times affect social and economic development and do great harm to people's lives. But:

People of all ethnic groups in troubled times live and fight together, which is conducive to national integration.

(2) In the local unified areas, the rulers should strengthen economic recovery and development for their own survival, which is conducive to the development of local economy.

(3) To analyze specific problems.

Although the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion and the Anshi Rebellion were both rebellions, the results were different. After the rebellion of the seven countries, centralization was strengthened; After the Anshi Rebellion, centralization was weakened.

Four. Adjustment and reform

1, same point

(1) The background is the same. They all happened after the large-scale peasant war that overthrew the former dynasty, and the rulers all learned the lessons of the demise of the former dynasty and realized the power of the people.

(2) the purpose is the same. They are all aimed at restoring and developing social economy and consolidating feudal autocratic rule.

2. Measures (same and different)

(1) Economy:

(1) Liberate the productive forces.

Before liberation, the workers themselves and the release of handmaiden; Later-relax personal attachment,

(2) Reduce the people's burden-from fifteen taxes to thirty taxes.

③ Close integration of people and places to resettle refugees and rename fields.

(2) politics:

(1) Restrain rulers, live frugally and clarify bureaucracy (Sui Wendi, Emperor Taizong, Ming Taizu).

(2) Lighten punishment and ease class contradictions.

③ Strengthen centralization and solve internal contradictions.

Step 3 evaluate

(1) After adjustment or reform, from the economic point of view, it promoted the recovery and development of production, made the national strength prosperous (different dynasties had different degrees of prosperity, but the Eastern Han Dynasty was poor), and there were many examples of running the world.

⑵ Politically, after adjustment or reform, the ruling order can be stabilized, social stability can be guaranteed, the feudal ruling system can be improved, and the development of feudal society can be promoted.

(3) Culturally, political stability and economic prosperity will promote the prosperity and development of culture.

4. Successive reforms

(1) Guanzhong reform-the reform of Qiang Bing, a rich country in slave society.

(2) Shang Yang Reform-feudal reform of the landlord class.

⑶ Wang Anshi's political reform-a reform to adjust the ruling policy of feudal society.

5. Control, adjustment and reform of the relationship between autocratic centralization, division and unity, and ups and downs.

(1) The strengthening, adjustment and reform of centralization are closely related to the split and unification and the rise and fall of chaos control. Understanding in contact: the chaotic times during the separatist regime indicate that the reform or adjustment was unsuccessful; The unsuccessful reform led to division and chaos. The period of reunification is mostly prosperous, which shows that the reform or adjustment is successful; On the other hand, successful reforms have promoted the emergence of unity and prosperity.

(2) Adjustment and reform, division and unity, and the rise and fall of chaos control are closely related to the strengthening and weakening of centralization.

(3) Reflect the reaction of the superstructure to the economic base.

Sixth, political thought.

1, Legalist thought of rule of law

(1) Legalist thought conforms to the historical development trend from division to unity, and embodies the need to establish authoritarian centralization.

⑵ Legalists put forward a historical view with development and evolution factors, which reflected the enterprising spirit of the new landlord class in reforming the old system.

(3) Legalism is conducive to the unity of the country and the establishment of feudal system, and centralized absolutism has been followed by later generations for more than 2,000 years.

(4) Legalists advocate severe punishment and severe law, which is not conducive to long-term stability. In addition, the abuse of people's power by the rulers was beyond the tolerance of the peasant class, which intensified class contradictions and led to the demise of Qin Ershi.

2. Taoist thought of "governing by doing nothing"

Practice has proved that the Taoist thought of "governing by doing nothing" is a loose policy implemented by the ruling class.

(1) adapted to the needs of the society at that time, played a role in promoting the recovery and development of production, and appeared the phenomenon of dominating the world. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, whenever the world was in chaos and the people were in poverty, the rulers often adopted the policy of "land to the tiller"-the Taoist strategy of governing the country. Such as Han, Tang and Ming dynasties.

⑵ After social stability and production development, the Taoist thought of "governing by doing nothing" can no longer adapt to the political and economic development. For example, in the Han Dynasty, the problem of kingdom and Xiongnu appeared when "ruling by cultural scenery", and the political thought of the Western Han Dynasty changed from inaction to promising, from Taoism to Confucianism.

3. Confucian thought of "great unification"

Confucius' Benevolence and Rule by Virtue → Mencius' Benevolence and Respect for the People → Dong Zhongshu's Thought of "Great Unity"

Confucianism had a great influence on the feudal society in China. Objectively, it is conducive to the strengthening of centralization and the consolidation of the country; Conducive to easing class contradictions and social stability; Conducive to the long-term stability of feudal society. Since then, Confucianism has gradually become the dominant orthodoxy in feudal society.

4. The development trend of political (ruling) thought.

A hundred schools of thought contend → one dominant family (Qin) → Confucianism alone.

5, the ruler's ideological control

(1) The Qin Dynasty burned books and buried Confucianism, and the Western Han Dynasty ousted hundreds of schools, which only respected Confucianism; Stereotyped writing took office in the Ming Dynasty; Qing dynasty literary inquisition.

(2) Using religion (after the Western Han Dynasty, the rulers used religion to strengthen ideological control)

Ancient economic history of China

First, the reasons for economic development

1, national unity, social stability, political clarity and political stability

2, the ruling class pay attention to adjust the ruling policy, encourage the development of production.

3, the promotion of large-scale peasant war.

4. The population migration in Central Plains spread advanced production technology and tools, and promoted the economic development everywhere.

5. Economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups in various regions and exchanges between China and foreign countries.

6. Development of science and technology.

7. The hard work of the broad masses of people has promoted the development of production.

Second, the general performance of China's ancient economic development

1 agriculture

Agricultural development is generally manifested in the improvement of production tools, the improvement of farming techniques, the construction of water conservancy projects and river regulation projects, the introduction of crops, the number of acres of reclaimed land (increase), output (increase) and population (increase).

2, handicraft industry

The development of handicraft industry is as follows: (1) Number of handicraft departments: textile, iron smelting, porcelain making, paper making, etc. (2) The division of labor is expanded, and the variety of colors is increased. (3) the improvement of output, technical level and quality.

The development of handicrafts mentioned in the book includes: the Western Han Dynasty began to use coal to smelt iron; Coal was also used in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Xuzhou was the center of iron smelting. In the Ming Dynasty, coke was used to make iron (Foshan).

3. Business

The performance of commercial development is: the increase of commodity types, the improvement of commodity quality, the emergence and expansion of cities, the development of foreign trade and the change of currency.

4. Major water conservancy projects

(1) Qin Lingqu. (2) Liang Wudi River. (3) Sui Grand Canal. (4) River regulation in Tang Dynasty.

5] Five Dynasties Qiantang River seawall. [6] The Canal was built by water transport in Yuan Dynasty.

Third, the characteristics of China's ancient economic development stage

1. Slave society-riding a horse to control silk.

2. Feudal society

(1) Stage Characteristics of Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties

(1) There are many kinds of goods; (2) the formation of the Central Plains market; (3) The rise of feudal cities.

⑵ Stage characteristics of Sui and Tang Dynasties

(1) The city is prosperous, and the commerce is increasingly developed after the middle Tang Dynasty;

The government has strict restrictions on the time and place of the commercial market;

(3) Foreign trade is developed, and the government has set up a market envoy.

⑶ Stage characteristics of the Five Dynasties and Yuan Dynasty.

(1) The development and characteristics of commodity economy in Song Dynasty;

(2) The prosperity of urban economy has broken the time and space restrictions;

(3) The emergence of new currency-paper money;

(4) establishing border trade market-monopoly market;

(5) grain, agricultural and sideline products (tea, etc. ) and handicraft raw materials (silk, etc. ) enter the market in large quantities;

⑥ Developed overseas trade.

⑦ Yuan Dynasty, water transportation, sea transportation and overseas trade (Quanzhou Port, etc.). ).

⑷ Stage characteristics of Ming and Qing Dynasties

(1) professional city.

(2) The foreign trade was developed in the early Ming Dynasty-Zheng He went to the Western Ocean;

3 mutual market;

(4) The seeds of capitalism.

⑤ Silver has become a common currency.

Four. Important economic systems and policies

1, important economic systems and policies

(1) Changes in tax basis:

Poll tax → land property tax → Tianben.

(Han) (Tang) (Qing)

It shows that the feudal state gradually relaxed the personal control over farmers and the feudal system gradually declined.

⑵ Changes in collection: physical objects+labor → monetary land rent. Collecting taxes with silver shows the development of commodity economy.

⑶ Changes in taxes: more taxes → decreasing gradually. The procedure for collecting taxes is simple.

(4) Farmers must serve in corvee and military service for a certain period of time to serve on their behalf. Characterized by mediocrity.

With the development of commodity economy, heavy taxes are imposed on commodities.

Step 2 get in touch with politics

The economic policies of past dynasties are all adjustments to the relations of production in rural areas. When this adjustment adapts to the productivity level at that time, it will promote the development of productivity and promote economic development; Promote social progress. On the contrary, it will hinder economic development and social progress.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) China's ancient policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce.

Evaluation:

① In the early feudal society, the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business played a positive role in the development of agriculture, social economy and the consolidation of the emerging landlord class regime.

(2) At the end of feudal society, after the development of productive forces, the active commodity economy and the emergence of capitalism, adhering to the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce and opposing the development of commerce and agriculture violated the law of economic development and hindered economic development.

Sixth, the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River and the southward movement of China's ancient economic center.

1, China's ancient economic center of gravity moved southward with three obvious characteristics:

(1) A large number of northerners moved south, bringing advanced production technology and experience (and labor force), which reflected the highest level of labor force at that time.

(2) The southward migration trend is most prominent in the period of ethnic division or separatist regime and war.

(3) The southward movement of the political center has certain influence on the southward movement of the economic center.

2. Enlightenment from history

(1) Political stability is a necessary condition for economic development.

(2) Making full and reasonable use of foreign labor, advanced production tools and technologies can promote economic development.

(3) Economic development must be valued by leaders.

Ethnic Relations and Foreign Relations in Ancient China

First, the basic characteristics of ethnic relations

1. Han nationality and ethnic minorities live together in a staggered way, showing the characteristics of large dispersion and small settlement.

2. Due to the different economic development directions and levels of all ethnic groups, there are contradictions between agricultural ethnic groups and surrounding nomadic ethnic groups, and sometimes wars will occur.

Second, the main types of ethnic relations

1, ethnic relations within the same country

2. The relationship between different national regimes.

Third, the manifestations of ethnic relations

1, peace

Harmony-the function is to weaken national prejudice and promote economic and cultural exchanges.

Mutual market economy and trade exchanges between ethnic groups controlled by the government. The mutual market location is generally in the border area.

Alliance-two state regimes bind their actions by concluding "peace treaties" or "peace negotiations".

2. The mainstream and general trend of ethnic relations is friendly exchanges and peaceful coexistence. It is the people of all ethnic groups who have jointly created the culture of the Chinese nation and jointly developed the motherland. People of all ethnic groups have merged with each other in mutual learning, exchange, joint labor and common resistance struggle, forming an inseparable whole.

Fourth, the general situation of national integration.

1, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is the initial development period of ethnic integration in China. The war of annexation strengthened the relationship between Huaxia nationality and the surrounding ethnic minorities and promoted national integration.

2. The Qin and Han Dynasties were the period of the establishment and development of a unified multi-ethnic country in China. Within the scope of a unified country, all ethnic groups have exchanged more fully, and the economy and culture have further developed, forming the Han nationality. The relationship between the Northern Qin and Xiongnu, the Southern Qin and Yue, the Western Qin and the nationalities in the western regions and the development of the southwest region have strengthened the political and economic ties between the Central Plains and ethnic minorities.

3. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the first period of great ethnic integration in the history of China.

Features:

① During the period of feudal economic development, the process of ethnic integration was mainly the process of feudalization of ethnic minorities;

(2) The five ethnic groups moved inward, and there was a situation of great ethnic integration.

The lack of long-term and stable political power of ethnic minorities shows that the development of ethnic minorities at this time is relatively backward;

(4) Emperor Xiaowen's reform narrowed the gap between the north and the south, showing a unified trend.

4. Ethnic integration in Sui and Tang Dynasties (ethnic integration in the period of great unification)

Features:

(1) The political power of all ethnic groups had close and friendly relations with the Central Plains dynasty, and there were few wars.

(2) The central government of the Tang Dynasty directly ruled the border areas of ethnic minority areas by establishing Duhu Prefecture and DuDu Prefecture, which strengthened the political and economic ties among ethnic groups.

5. The Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties were the second climax of ethnic integration in the history of China.

Features: ① Multiple ethnic regimes coexist;

(2) The feudal mode of production extended to the border areas, such as setting up imperial academy, creating characters, imitating Han system, establishing official system and military system;

(3) ethnic integration has been further strengthened. After the reunification of the Yuan Dynasty, the "Han people" in the north included the Khitan, Nuzhen and other ethnic groups.

(4) A new ethnic group-Hui nationality has emerged.