Lead: In the process of professional service, social workers should accept the clients from the heart, regard them as important partners in the work process, maintain a tolerant and respectful attitude towards their value preferences, habits and beliefs, and never discriminate against them because of their physiology, psychology, race, gender, age, occupation, social status and beliefs, let alone refuse to provide social services for them because of the above reasons.
Since the reform and opening up, China's economic and social development has made remarkable achievements. With the sustained and rapid economic growth and the deepening of social reform, various social undertakings present new development space with the advancement of social system reform. The analysis of China's blue book "2000: Analysis and Forecast of Social Situation in China" points out that in 2000, China's social undertakings were in a state of rapid development, but at the same time, it was faced with the problem of how to explore an incomplete market-oriented development path of social undertakings. [1] 1999, after the reform of 15, China's social security system has seen its embryonic form and started to integrate. This trend includes the integration of social insurance, social assistance and social welfare services, and the subsequent social welfare? Socializing? Reform and actively promote community construction. [2] As a result, the specialization of social carriers of social welfare services began to be put on the agenda. Professional social worker? As a profession, its importance is being recognized by the government and society.
But as a professional? Social worker? The actual employment situation is still mixed. Although there is a huge potential social demand for professional social workers, this social demand has not led to a good working environment for professional social workers, that is, professional social workers have not yet had appropriate soil to play their professional expertise and further realize their professional value. Therefore, on the one hand, the rapid development of social welfare services itself has a growing demand for professional social workers to intervene and really play a professional role. On the other hand, there is still a lack of effective and appropriate mechanisms or models to start this demand from potential to reality.
First, the direct background of the social demand for professional social work. At the same time of economic and social development and progress, especially with the acceleration of population aging, family miniaturization and rural urbanization, the contradiction between the growing demand for social welfare services in China and the serious shortage of supply is intensifying, and the existing social welfare services in China can only meet 5% of the social demand. [3] As early as 1986, the Ministry of Civil Affairs proposed? Social welfare socialization? Work ideas. In order to speed up the construction of China's social security system and socialized service system, promote the comprehensive and rapid development of community services, and meet the needs of establishing a socialist market economy, the General Office of the State Council forwarded the Notice of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and other departments on Accelerating the Socialization of Social Welfare (Guo Ban Fa [2000] 19). This is a landmark event, marking the official start of the socialization reform of social welfare in China. The socialization reform of social welfare and the subsequent positive promotion of community construction by our government can be said to be the direct social background for the emergence and growth of social demand for professional social work.
The main purpose of socialization of social welfare is to get rid of the rigid system of government arranging social welfare formed under the planned system, so as to rapidly improve the level of social welfare, which represents the main way and fundamental direction for China to develop social welfare in the future. The Notice of "Opinions on Accelerating the Socialization of Social Welfare" points out that it is necessary to change the situation that social welfare undertakings are all arranged by the state, regardless of political affairs and low efficiency, and actively encourage, support and help non-profit social intermediary organizations and social service institutions to grow and develop. Vigorously develop community services and promote the socialization of grassroots social welfare. It is necessary to improve the professional level and overall quality of social service teams, establish a system of job title evaluation and employment of social workers and a system of qualification demonstration, and establish a national, provincial (city, autonomous region) social welfare work grading training, assessment and certification system; Establish a volunteer labor time reserve system nationwide. It can be predicted that the reform and development of social welfare will become one of the hot issues concerned by the government and society from the beginning of 2 1 century. The enthusiasm of social forces to participate in social welfare will increase, social welfare service institutions will emerge in large numbers, and welfare services provided by non-profit organizations will increase year by year. Social worker? Will become a term that is no longer unfamiliar.
As an important aspect of social security system and socialized service system, community service has a wide range of contents and is closely related to people's material and cultural life. Vigorously develop the social service industry and reflect the country? Promote the continuous improvement of people's quality of life, population quality and social civilization? Is the purpose of social development consistent? Take the people as the center, serve the people and meet the people's material and cultural living standards? The essential requirement of social development. It plays an important role in establishing and perfecting the social security system and socialized service system, accelerating the development of urban social welfare undertakings, promoting the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and maintaining social stability and prosperity. In recent years, local civil affairs departments have shifted the focus of social welfare development to community service and actively used grassroots social forces to promote the socialization of social welfare.
At 1999? The second annual meeting of China Social Work Education Association? In his speech, Li Baoku, Vice Minister of Civil Affairs, emphasized the great significance of promoting urban community construction under the new situation, and put forward the professionalization of community grassroots cadres. Few people have received professional education in social work? And point out? Since the Ministry of Civil Affairs is an employer, we need social workers? . [4] At last year's Jiangsu Community Construction Work Conference and Forum, Li Baoku, Vice Minister of Civil Affairs, further emphasized the necessity and importance of building a national-level community experimental area, and put forward constructive ideas and opinions: First, due to social members? Unit? The attribute is gradually weakening, and a new model of managing urban social population is urgently needed. Second, enterprises and governments need an optimal carrier to divest or transfer their functions and establish a social security system and socialized service network independent of enterprises and institutions. Third, promoting community construction, expanding community services and improving the quality of life of residents have become the urgent needs of the broad masses of the people. Fourth, with the development of urban construction, urban grass-roots political power and mass autonomous organizations need new management concepts and more effective management methods.
Second, the demand for professional social workers in community services and its difficulties. Will the socialization reform of social welfare and community construction be further promoted? Small government, big society? A key step in the reform of social system. It is against this background that the social work major with a short history in China shows a rapid expansion trend. In order to better understand the actual social needs of social work majors, we visited and investigated the Xuanwu District Civil Affairs Bureau of Nanjing and the Gulou District Civil Affairs Bureau of Nanjing and their subordinate units. The purpose is to understand the degree of demand for professional social workers, the employment situation of professional social workers and their contributions in these two demonstration community construction experimental areas.
Xuanwu District of Nanjing is one of the two urban areas of Nanjing. 26 experimental communities in China? One (the other is Gulou District, Nanjing) has 10 streets and 86 community committees (simplified from the original 127 neighborhood committees and 44 family committees). There are apartments for the elderly at the district level, and there are service institutions such as nursing homes, nursing homes for the elderly, convenience services and community service centers at the street level. Xuanwu District Civil Affairs Bureau began to introduce social work graduates from 1999. Although the number of social work graduates is limited, the annual demand for social work graduates is still more than 4 to 5. In addition, the leaders of the District Civil Affairs Bureau are trying to attract more social work graduates to work in subordinate institutions, give play to their professional expertise and serve the community construction. However, the survey results show that the positions of subordinate institutions are still not attractive enough for social work graduates, which was fully reflected in our interview with Sanpailou Sub-district Office in Gulou District, Nanjing.
There are 30 staff members in Sanpailou Sub-district Office in Gulou District, Nanjing, among whom 20 are national civil servants. Sanpailou Sub-district Office has 8 community committees with *** 1300 households. Each community committee has four community committee directors, and these four community committee directors are selected from the original neighborhood committee directors and openly recruited for the society, with the ratio of 1: 1. The condition of open recruitment is that candidates should have college education or above, be under 40 years old, have high comprehensive quality and love community construction. Applicants must pass the examination of the 7-person leading group of Sanpailou Sub-district Office, and can be formally hired after a one-month probation period. Although it can be considered that with the rapid development of urban communities in China, it is an inevitable trend for social workers with higher education and training to gradually enrich their work in grassroots communities, in fact, according to the application materials, there are no undergraduate graduates majoring in social work who can apply, which is worth pondering. Of course, this situation does not prevent further evaluation of the potential demand scale of social work professionals in grassroots communities across the country. According to the official data of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, it is not difficult to find that the demand scale that is still in a potential state is huge: by the end of 1999, there were 5,904 sub-district offices in * * *, an increase of 172 over the previous year. There are 1 15000 neighborhood committees (including 13000 family committees) with 50 10000 people in China. There are157,000 urban community service facilities nationwide, an increase of 12.2% over the previous year, with 670,000 employees and 230,000 laid-off workers. There are 7,623 community service centers of various types, an increase of 23.9% over the previous year, with 52,000 employees. There were 406,000 convenience and benefit outlets, an increase of 17.7% over the previous year. There are 90,000 community service volunteer organizations with 3.682 million volunteers. At present, there are 4.9 community service facilities and 0.4 convenience and benefit outlets per 10,000 urban population in China. [5] This is a vast activity space where professional social workers can make great achievements. In other words, the number of professional social workers that can be accommodated or needed is quite large.
It can be seen that on the one hand, the establishment of civil servants in civil affairs departments at all levels is limited, on the other hand, the leadership positions engaged in community grassroots work have not yet become the ideal choice for social workers graduates. Furthermore, in terms of direct social work practice, there is still a long way to go before all kinds of service organizations at the street level can become ideal job hunting places for social workers. This is of course due to the concept of choosing a job, and it also shows that the professional environment for directly engaging in professional social work in community service institutions has not really formed, and the reasons are obviously quite complicated. The importance of playing the role of professional social workers in community construction has been recognized by people. It is an indisputable fact that the demand for professional social workers in community service is quite large, but this demand is still potential at present, and there are still many complicated difficulties in transforming this potential demand into real demand.
Three. The diversified service fields of professional social workers and their present situation, the socialization of social welfare and the vigorous development of community construction have greatly stimulated the social demand for social work professionals and deepened people's understanding and understanding of social work as a profession and occupation. At the same time, because an important feature of social work is the diversity of service institutions, professional social workers have a wide range of knowledge and skills, so their service fields are also very wide. At present, professional social workers enter different fields with some practical work skills or knowledge (such as investigation and analysis skills and understanding of national welfare policies) obtained in professional training, thus generating the actual demand for professional social workers from different employers or institutions. These professional social workers who serve in many fields are actually mainly engaged in the original business or management work of the employer, mainly because they have not realized the function of professional social work in their service units or institutions with their own professional values and working methods (of course, psychological supervision of middle school students may be an exception). Therefore, the demand for professional social workers from various service organizations is mainly potential in a sense.
Education, Training and Psychological Supervision In recent years, due to the rapid expansion of sociology and social work majors in colleges and universities, and the increasing attention paid by local civil affairs departments to the training of specialized civil affairs cadres, the demand for social work graduates is increasing. For example, in terms of community construction, Gulou District of Nanjing and Jiangsu Provincial Federation of Trade Unions jointly organized a community college with the goal of building a boutique community; Xuanwu District of Nanjing cooperated with the Department of Social Work of Nanjing University of Science and Technology and the Department of Sociology of Nanjing University to set up a training center for community workers. It can be predicted that the demand for professional social workers in the field of social work education and training will show a growing trend. At the same time, with the general attention of all walks of life to quality education, the middle school education department also shows the demand for social work talents. For example, the social work undergraduates of Nanjing University of Science and Technology in 1998 and 1999 all went to key middle schools all over the country to engage in psychological counseling and supervision of middle school students. However, there are only 1000 in key high schools all over the country, which is also a space for professional social workers to be reckoned with. More importantly, the development of school social work in middle schools has conveyed such an important message: professional social work characterized by individual cases or group work may begin to really exert its professional expertise in China, which is particularly meaningful. Therefore, we have reason to expect that school social work may become one of the breakthroughs in the real start of professional social work in China.
Investigation, statistics and consulting services Now people have agreed that in the information age, information and knowledge are resources themselves, and the efficient operation of social systems is increasingly dependent on the collection, investigation, statistics and analysis of various social information. Therefore, information consultation and statistical investigation itself has become a very important industry. At present, all kinds of social investigation and information consulting services in China are increasing day by day, and the investigation and consulting business they accept is growing rapidly. From the professional characteristics of sociology, when sociology was introduced to China from the west, it also introduced the empirical spirit of social science, which was significantly different from other liberal arts subjects. Social investigation and social statistics are the basic skills of sociology. For professional social work, the premise of its work is to be able to accurately use the skills of investigation and analysis, and on this basis, determine the work plan. The professional requirement of social work is to have a deep understanding of various social trends and an accurate grasp of all kinds of information of the case owner. Therefore, professional social workers in the survey, statistics and consulting services industries have sufficient entry strength. Although this entry may not completely lead to the realization of the function of professional social work, it may have a certain social impact in the process, and there is the possibility of strengthening people's social recognition of professional social work to some extent. Of course, the current situation of professional social workers entering the investigation and consultation industry is still a question to be discussed for the advantages and disadvantages of the overall development of social work in China.
Social Security and Social Insurance With the deepening of the reform of state-owned enterprises, the establishment and improvement of the social security system has already mentioned the overall situation and strategic height of economic and social development. After fifteen years of reform, the overall framework of China's social security system has basically taken shape. State-owned enterprises, enterprises inside and outside the system, and even state organs and institutions will all be included in the unified overall framework of social security. With the development of social security institutions in the direction of management and service, and the rapid growth of commercial insurance, social security system will need more and more statistics, analysis and forecasting talents. Such talents should not only grasp the national social security policy from a macro perspective, but also accept strict investigation and analysis training and be good at practical work. Therefore, social security and social insurance have become professional fields that professional social workers can enter. This situation is more prominent in the current situation of the lack of social security professionals in China, although social work graduates may actually be engaged in insurance sales at first.
Therefore, social work educators are faced with a new task, that is, how to properly balance the macro and micro directions of social work, and how to finally realize their professional value and function in different multi-service institutions, which will be related to the overall sound development of social work in China. ;