More than 20,000 years ago, a group of vagrants from Asia came to Central and South America via North America. These people are the ancestors of Indian and Native American portraits. When Columbus discovered the New World, there were about 20 million Indians living in America, of whom about 1 10,000 lived in what is now Canada and the north-central United States, and most of the rest lived in what is now Mexico and the southern United States. About 6.5438 million years ago, another group of Asians moved to northern North America and became Eskimos. The first white people to come to America may be vikings. They are a group of adventurous fishermen. Some people think that they went to the east coast of North America 1 0,000 years ago. During the colonial period (1607 ~1753)1607, a colonial group of about1000 people was forced to return to Britain because of the cold. 1587, 9 1 man, 17 women and 9 children came. Jamestown was built on Chabik Beach, which was the first permanent colony established by Britain in North America. In the next 150 years, many colonists came in and settled in the coastal areas, most of them came from Britain, and some came from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and other countries. In the middle of the eighth century, the 13 British colony gradually formed and had its own government and parliament under the supreme sovereignty of Britain. Due to the differences in climate and geographical environment, these 13 colonies have different economic forms, political systems and concepts. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, Britain began to colonize North America. The first North American immigrants were mainly farmers who lost their land, hardworking workers and Puritans who were persecuted by religion. 1620, they took the Mayflower to North America and made the Mayflower Convention on board. On June165438+1October 2 1 day, the Puritans landed in Plymouth and signed a convention to observe the Mayflower with 4 1 free adult men. The content is to organize citizen groups; Drafting laws and regulations, etc. Lay the foundation of autonomous government. In the colonial era, with the long-term war with Native American Indians, the serious shortage of labor produced slaves, contract slavery and other non-free labor, and the laissez-faire policy of the British government allowed the unique American spirit and culture to develop its uniqueness. The evil slave trade prevailed in America. From 1607 to 1733, British colonists successively established thirteen colonies on the east coast of North America (Atlantic coast). First, British immigrants immigrated to North America in pursuit of freedom and wealth, such as persecuted Puritans and poor farmers. Second, local governments enjoy autonomy. Third, colonial residents have more opportunities and rights to participate in politics than the British, and have cultivated the consciousness and ability of autonomy. Therefore, they believe that in the social contract, the government is formed because the people need protection and get the support of the people. /kloc-In the mid-8th century, the economy, culture and politics of the colony were relatively mature. The colonial parliament still believed in King George III of England, but pursued the same status as the British parliament and refused to be a second-class citizen of Britain. But at this time, after the end of the seven-year war between Britain and France, they were eager to consolidate their territory, which made the colonial people in North America levy heavy taxes. King George III of England changed his laissez-faire policy and advocated high-handed means. This led to the resistance of the colonial people, such as "no taxation without representation", "Boston Massacre" and "Intolerance Act". 1775 In April, the "Fires of Lexington" started in Lexington and Concord, which started the American War of Independence. Later, these colonies became the original thirteen independent states in North America. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, Britain signed the Declaration of Independence, which caused a rift between American colonies and Britain. The expansion of the colonies made them consciously persecuted in Britain, which led to the idea of independence. 1948+0774, 12 state representatives gathered in Philadelphia to hold the so-called first continental congress, hoping to find a reasonable way to solve the problem peacefully with Britain. But the British king insisted that the colony must surrender unconditionally to the British king and accept punishment. 1775, the war was ignited in Massachusetts, and the second continental congress was held in May, which strengthened the determination of war and independence, drafted the famous declaration of independence, and put forward sufficient reasons for fighting this war, which was also the final victory factor. July 4+0776 declared the independence of the United States, July 4 1776. The Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, 1776 was revised by the Special Committee of the Continental Congress on July 4th, and signed by john hancock, President of the Continental Congress. At the beginning of the Declaration of Independence, it was clearly pointed out that all men are born equal and have the natural right to pursue happiness and freedom. The crimes committed by British colonists on the American continent are vivid; Finally, the United States of America solemnly declared its independence from Britain (July 4 was designated as Independence Day by the United States). The Declaration of Independence is a great document with world historical significance. The day when the Declaration of Independence was adopted has also become a festival that the American people will always commemorate, and it has been designated as the American Independence Day. Completely divorced from Britain, the purpose is to "seek survival, freedom and happiness" and realize the ideal of the Enlightenment. 178 1, the American army won a decisive victory. 1783, the United States and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the War of Independence. This also fully demonstrates the courage and wisdom of the American people in the face of colonial rule. The success of the revolution gave the American people the opportunity to express their political ideas in the form of legislation. 1787, a federal conference was held in Philadelphia, during which Washington was promoted as the chairman. They adopted the principle that the central power is general, but it must be carefully defined and explained. At the same time, they also accepted the fact that the national government must have the right to tax, mint money, adjust commerce, declare war and conclude treaties. In addition, in order to prevent the central power from being too large, Montesquieu's political theory of balance of power is adopted, that is, three departments of equal cooperation and mutual checks and balances are set up in the government, that is, legislative, administrative and judicial powers are reconciled and balanced with each other, and no power occupies a controlling position. The causes of civil war are not only economic, political and military issues, but also ideological conflicts. The civil war exposed the weakness of the United States and tested the existence of this country. After this test, the United States embarked on the road of a centralized and modern country. There is a dispute between the north and the south on the abolition of slavery. The main policy of the south in national politics is to protect and expand the interests represented by the "cotton and slavery" system. The northern States are mainly manufacturing, commercial and financial centers, and there is no need to rely on slaves for these production. This kind of economic and political conflict has a long history. In the early1860s, the southern states broke away from the Confederate Civil War, and another government, the North, expressed its willingness to pay any price for reunification. 18 1 year, when the civil war broke out, Americans fought face to face for four years, and the south was seriously damaged. 1865, the defeat of the north not only shows the reunification of the United States, but also shows that slavery is no longer practiced in all parts of the country. At the beginning of the 20th century, the United States began to industrialize and entered a mature stage after the Civil War. In less than 50 years from the Civil War to the First World War, she changed from a rural republic to an urbanized country. Machines have replaced manual labor, and products have increased greatly. The national railway network has improved the circulation of goods. Many new inventions have met the needs of the public. The banking industry provided loans, which promoted the development of industry and commerce. Therefore, the nearly 30 years from 1890 to 19 17 are called the so-called "progressive period", 19 14, when the first world war broke out,19/kloc-7. In the mid-1970s, the economy once recovered, but in the late 1970s, inflation reappeared. 1976, the bicentennial of the founding of the United States, various celebrations were held all over the country. 1981April 12, the United States successfully launched the space shuttle Columbia, bringing mankind into another new era in space. 1985 Reagan was re-elected. In the ever-changing history of human development, America will turn a new page.