Before Han dynasty. We can only infer the existence of industry management documents and files from relevant records. However, the excavation of bone-signed files proves that China's government-run manufacturing industry has a strict management system and has formed a large number of management documents and files. Judging from the situation when the domino files were unearthed, the industry management files at that time were mainly kept by their forming units-industries and official institutions. Moreover, according to various historical records, the duties of officials of the Ministry of Industry are mainly in charge of various projects, craftsmen, land reclamation, water conservancy, transportation, vessel manufacturing and other government decrees. In fact, this so-called decree mainly refers to the management of documents by workers and officials. Including engineering management documents, manufacturing management documents, etc. Its "post file" is all kinds of management files. Today, we can see the archives in this field, mainly including the archives of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Han Dynasty and the archives of Ministry of Industry in Qing Dynasty.
The discovery of Oracle Bone Inscriptions archives is one of the major archaeological discoveries in China in recent years. Unearthed in the famous Weiyang Palace site in the Western Han Dynasty, there are now more than 30,000 bone-sign files unearthed. This kind of domino file is made of high-grade aggregate, which is small in size and concentrated in wearing. After preliminary arrangement by archaeologists, it is confirmed that it is mainly an accumulation and storage system involving weapons manufacturing and royal riding, which was formed and kept by national industrial and official institutions in the Western Han Dynasty. Otherwise, it is difficult to leave such a large number of well-organized archival materials.
In addition to the bone-signed files of the Han Dynasty, most of the official industrial management files that have survived to this day are in the Qing Dynasty. In the archives of the Ministry of Cleaning Industry kept by the First Historical Archives of China, most of the archival materials belong to industrial management archives, such as correspondence with manufacturing warehouses; Archives and documents related to the repair works of tombs, temples, city walls and government organs, as well as railway, mining and river engineering, military engineering and warship repair; Wait a minute. These archival materials were in the files of workers and officials at that time. The number is large, and the status is more important. These archival materials are generally managed by specialized agencies. For example, in the Qing Dynasty, the Ministry of Industry set up a file cleaning room to manage the files of the Ministry of Industry. In addition, it has a department. Collect documents from provincial government offices and register the numbers.
In a word, China ancient official industrial management archives have a long history, a large number of remains and excellent management system. China ancient industrial standardization activities started very early. It is one of the responsibilities of industrial and official departments in past dynasties to carry out manual standardized management of official camps. Joseph Needham, a famous British historian of science and technology, believes that Kao Gong Ji in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period may be the official document of Qi. It was promulgated to unify the practices of craftsmen everywhere. After the reunification of China. Qin Shihuang launched the famous national standardization movement, and since then, government-run handicrafts have carried out standardized production throughout the country. There must have been a large number of normative documents in the Qin dynasty at that time. Now unearthed Qin bamboo slips include Palace Law, Common Law and Effective Law. They were standardized documents issued by law at that time.
Let's take the military production at that time as an example: the military products of the Qin Dynasty have unified standards in appearance, quality and performance, and must not be confused. Qin bamboo slips "Gong Fa" stipulates: "It is a plan. People with different journeys will not come out together. " "Process" refers to specifications and standards. It is recorded by standardized documents and archives, which are legally binding on producers. Taking the appearance coloring of weapons as an example, the effective law stipulates: "Death, halberd, crossbow and paint are (also) exchanged. Don't think about winning, don't prepare, according to the law of improper position (knowledge). " For example, the handles of Qin terracotta warriors and horses and halberds are painted with black paint, with two red sections on them, or painted with vermilion patterns; The surface color of crossbow arm is dark and consistent; The shaft is black, red and ochre with a certain length, although there are hundreds of branches in a root cutting. The height and color are the same.
China's ancient standards were generally called "procedures". It is formulated and published by relevant workers and officials. For example, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Shangshu Province set up the Ministry of Industry, and the assistant minister of Shangshu of the Ministry of Industry was in charge of the laws of the world, and the doctor of the Ministry of Industry was in charge of urban civil engineering. Officials of all dynasties have held this position. It can be seen that standardized files are one of the components of workers' files.
In addition to the standardized archives unearthed and left over from the Qing Dynasty, relevant archives have also been handed down in other forms. For example, the standardized literature collection "Building a City in French Style" compiled by Yuan Feng in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the "General Discussion on River Defense" compiled by Yuan people, collected the regulations on technology, tools, materials and working hours of urban buildings, dams and sluices in the Northern Song Dynasty. Directly or horizontally reflect and describe the contents of standardized files. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the construction project was further developed, and the operation methods and quantity estimation of various types of work were strictly stipulated, and the famous "Construction Law" and "Wood Classics" appeared, both of which were standardized archives collections. "Wood Classic" is the first manual for standardization of wood structure buildings in Chinese history, which specifies the specifications of various parts of the building and the proportional relationship between components in detail. Architectural Method is an epoch-making document in the architectural history of China. Published on 1 103. The first 28 volumes are construction technical descriptions, construction methods, commonly used materials of construction projects, construction operation procedures, etc. , similar to modern building engineering standards. The last six volumes are technical drawings, which are similar to complete sets of engineering drawings of standard design, finalized design and typical design of modern architectural engineering. In the Qing Dynasty, this regulation was more strict and comprehensive, and the Code of Engineering of the Ministry of Industry was promulgated, which completely unified the component scale and use standard of official buildings. In addition, China No.1 Historical Archives also has such archives. Drawings are also an important part of the archives of China ancient contract workers and officials. It mainly includes architectural drawings, mechanical drawings and river regulation drawings.
The earliest existing architectural engineering pattern in China and even in the world is the Warring States copper plate "Zhao Cheng Map" unearthed in 1977, which is a kind of architectural plan of the tomb area. The imperial edict engraved on the bronze version of "Trillion Map" stipulated that one copy of this map was buried with him and the other was kept in the palace, so it can be seen that this map was indeed kept as an archive at that time. About "Macro Map". As early as the Zhou Dynasty, it was recorded that there were officials who specially managed such files. For example, "Zhou Li Chun Guan" records: "The undertaker is in charge of the cemetery, dividing its trillion-dollar land and making its map." "The tomb doctor is in charge of the territory of the tomb of Fanbang, so that the nation can be buried and the ban can be implemented."
Ancient emperors in China paid more attention to collecting and accumulating architectural drawings. Take Qin Shihuang as an example. In the war of reunifying China, the first emperor drew a palace pattern every time he invaded a country, so as to imitate it in the Qin Dou. For another example, when building a new capital, Yuwen Kai, a master architect in Sui Dynasty, first surveyed and selected the site of Chang 'an City in the former Han Dynasty, then planned and designed it, and drew the general plan and a large number of detailed construction drawings. In the Qing dynasty, there were "sample rooms" and "sample rooms" in the court. "Planning room", and set up a special map room (equivalent to the pattern file library) in the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to collect all kinds of pattern files, including a certain number of projects, palaces, tombs, steles, pavilions and so on.
Most of the existing architectural engineering drawings in China are plane plans. The earliest existing urban planning is the urban planning of Pingjiangfu (now Suzhou) in the third year of Song Shaoding. This painting is carved on a stone tablet and is now in Suzhou Museum. Kuaiyang, assistant minister of the Ministry of Industry in the Ming Dynasty, was a famous architect in ancient times, and he designed the spectacular Tiananmen Square. The complete set of Tiananmen engineering drawings designed by him are still intact in Beijing Library. The largest existing architectural plan is thousands of drawings left by the hereditary designer "Style Lei" family in Qing Dynasty. These official architectural drawings of the Qing Dynasty are now kept in the First Historical Archives of China and Beijing Library. Others are scattered all over the world (mainly in Europe and America). For example, the famous Yuanmingyuan planning.
In addition to architectural drawings, official archives also include mechanical drawings and various artifacts. However, these drawings are rarely kept in the central government, and most of them are kept in lower-level industries and official departments, which are scattered and have poor preservation conditions. As a result, less remains in its original form. Most of them are preserved through other forms. For example, the Archaeological Map compiled by Song and Lu Dalin is the earliest existing atlas of ancient artifacts in China, which depicts the shape, style, size, weight and capacity of artifacts one by one. The earliest existing mechanical drawing in China was preserved in Su Song's "New Instrument and Image Method" in the Northern Song Dynasty, which included a variety of mechanical drawings.
In addition, the official's file also includes the drawings of river regulation, because the construction of river regulation project also belongs to the official's responsibility. Take the Qing Dynasty as an example. In the Qing Dynasty, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology set up the Ministry of Water Resources, one of whose duties was to prevent floods. So now there are drawings for harnessing the Yellow River in the archives of the Ministry of Clean Industry.
In a word, compared with other countries in the world, there are many kinds of archives of ancient industrial officials in China, and a large number of them are kept, which are of high value and need further development and research.