140 years old, Zhang Sanfeng (date of birth is unknown), Quan Yi, Zi Xuan, born in nanzhao county because of untidiness. Famous Taoist priest in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. In Volume II of Nanzhao County Records in the 11th year of Qing Qianlong, it is recorded that there is a stone tablet of Zhang Sanfeng's hometown in Kouzi River, Taishanmiao Township, nanzhao county, and there is a Cao An site behind it. 19 17 years, a stone tablet "Zhang Sanfeng lived here for the first time and became a treasure hall" was erected here. (from Yizhou, Liaodong) With the name of Zhang Sanfeng making a lot of noise, Ming Chengzu gave him three titles. That is, Ming Yingzong gave him the title of "revealing reality through micro"; Ming Xianzong is famous for "keeping a low profile and pursuing true immortals"; Ming Shizong named him "a wonderful and true gentleman". According to historical records, the turtle-shaped crane in Zhang Sanfeng has big ears and round eyes, so it must have a high halberd. He only wears clothes when it is cold and hot, and wears clothes in rain and snow. During the period of 1258, the largest Buddhist-Taoist debate broke out in the history of China. Mongolian Khan Mengge personally presided over the debate, and Fuxi, an elder of Songshan Shaolin Temple, and Zhang Zhijing, a Taoist priest of Quanzhen Sect, led teams to participate in the debate respectively, resulting in a disastrous defeat of Taoism. Since then, Taoism has gradually declined. But a century later, Zhang Sanfeng founded a new Taoist school-Sanfeng School in Wudang Mountain, which set off the last wave in the history of Taoist development in China and became the founder of Wudang Wushu. One, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism The same Zhang Sanfeng's first teacher who taught him to learn Taoism and Classics when he was a child was Baiyun Zen Old Zhang Yun Temple in the Blue Sky Palace. In middle age, it was Qiu Zhenren who talked with him about metaphysics and made him resolutely become a monk. When he was old, he spread the secret of Zhong Nanshan, and it was the real dragon that made him realize it. In this way, not only did he come from humble origins, but the three Taoist priests he followed were also unknown, which had little impact on society and failed to achieve shocking results. Therefore, while claiming to be a descendant of Zhang Tianshi in Longhushan, Jiangxi, Zhang Sanfeng also claimed to be the ancestor of Chen Tuan, the sleeping fairy of Huashan Mountain. The last few words of Song of the Dragon say: "Heaven spread the sleeping method to the South China, and the learning of the South China can be continued, and the sloppy Taoist Zhang." He also called Chen Tuan "the bodhi old zu" and Mr. huo long "my teacher" in The Secret of Taiji Alchemy, and claimed that Huo Long was not famous because he despised the floating name, so he didn't even leave his surname, leaving only a quatrain for later generations and died. Its quatrains say: "The road number is even connected with Zheng Huolong, and its name is hidden in vain. Since the third harvest, I have returned to Penglai weak Water East. " Later, Li Xiyue, a Taoist priest in the Qing Dynasty who worshipped Zhang Sanfeng as a teacher, classified Sanfeng School as a hidden immortal school represented by Chen Tuan, and arranged its inheritance order as follows: "Ma Yi passed on Yi Xi, Yi Xi passed on the fire dragon, and the fire dragon passed on Sanfeng." In fact, it is doubtful whether there are any disciples of the Dragon in Chen Tuan. But one thing is certain, that is, Zhang Sanfeng did inherit the theory of the integration of the three religions and the thought of inner alchemy since Chen Tuan. It is true that the confluence of the three religions has been a powerful trend since the Tang Dynasty, but the three religions have never stopped attacking each other. In the Yuan Dynasty, Confucian scholars talked about three religions, saying that Buddha is gold, fairy is white jade, and Confucianism is food. They pointed out that although precious jade is very expensive, there is not much without it, and society cannot live without food for a day. Behind this metaphor that regards Buddhism and Taoism as treasures, there is a derogatory view of Buddhism and Taoism. Zhang Sanfeng advocated the theory of the unity of the three religions, which actually defended Taoism and excused "heresy". He only admits that there are good and evil, but denies that there are three religions, but the founders are different. He said that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are all preaching and teaching to solve doubts, and their social function is to "cultivate one's morality and bring benefits to the people." "Confucianism can't be Confucianism without this way, Buddha can't be Buddha without this way, and immortal can't be immortal without this way." Confucianism "walks in the discipline of Taoism", Buddhism "understands the world" and Taoism "hides Taoist people". Just like Confucius, Laozi preached "righteousness". Confucian self-cultivation, immortal cultivation. Zhang Sanfeng linked the two, taking the cultivation of human nature as the basis for refining the immortal way, and emphasized that no matter how noble or humble, virtuous or foolish, old or young, as long as you are virtuous, kind, compassionate, loyal and sincere, it is all about human nature, not far from the immortal way. He skillfully combined the Taoist thought of internal refining with the Confucian moral theory, saying: "If people can correct their body and mind, they will really concentrate on it, and great virtue will be born from this." These statements are unique compared with the previous Taoist masters. Zhang Sanfeng also ingeniously equated the benevolence advocated by Confucianism with the lead and mercury of Taoist alchemy, saying that "the lead and mercury of Xianjia is the seed of benevolence". In his view, the fire, water and soil of Jin Mu's yin, yang and five elements, the benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom in the five virtues of Confucianism correspond to the liver, lung, heart, spleen and kidney in the five meridians of the human body. He said in "Five Virtues": "Benevolence belongs to wood and liver; Righteousness belongs to golden lung; Ceremony belongs to fire, and the heart is also; Wisdom belongs to water and kidney; Believe in the soil, the spleen is also. " There are five virtues in the heart, five classics in the body, and five elements in heaven and earth, all of which are indispensable. If there is no benevolence in the heart, there will be no idea of raising, and the liver will be dead, while the wood will dry up; People without expedient measures have no lungs, and gold is dull; Rude people will have no bright color, sincerity will be extinct, and the fire will be extinguished; Without a wise man, there is no clear meaning. His kidney is extinct, and the water is faint and dry. An unbeliever will not feel like making friends. His spleen has been destroyed and collapsed. Therefore, it is said that "morality is about the body, the body is about the heart, the heart is about the morality, the body is the heart, and the heart is the body. The five virtues are the five classics, the morality is lost, the morality is achieved, and the body is achieved. Then you can tutor the five elements of heaven and earth. " The wonder of this view is unprecedented, its comparison is unparalleled, and it has little scientific value and social function. Second, Zhang Sanfeng's works, such as On the Avenue, Enigma, Enigma, etc., have been collected and arranged into collections, which are the complete works of Mr. Zhang Sanfeng. Many of these chapters are highly praised by Taoist believers in later generations, saying that his "On the Avenue" exhausted the way of returning to the truth in life and revealed the principle of sages and immortals. However, Zhang Sanfeng's masterpiece should be called "Rootless Tree". For thousands of years, Taoist theory has been mysterious and obscure, which can not be widely accepted by the society, thus hindering the in-depth spread of Taoism. Zhang Sanfeng used the genre of lyrics and buzzwords to turn the metaphysical theory of fixed truth into a well-known lyric "rootless tree". This rootless tree is composed of 24 songs, which includes all Zhang Sanfeng's theories and methods of truth determination. As long as you know his rootless tree carefully, you will open Xuan Tong Road and step into Xiandaomen, just as he said in his self-titled rootless tree words, "You should know Xuan Tong Road, and you should play with flowers under rootless trees." Now I choose some of them to spy on Zhang Sanfeng's cultivation ideas. Rootless tree, flower Wang Jing, who wants to rest after glory. Floating things, boats in distress, swaying from side to side is not free. There is no shore and boundless mooring system, and it often swims in the dangerous place of Xiaolong. If you are willing to turn back, it is the shore head. Don't wait for the storm to break the boat. At the beginning of the poem, Dan pointed out that life is like wandering in a sea of suffering, always in danger, and advised the world to get rid of fame and fortune and practice in time. "Don't wait for the storm to break the boat." Rootless trees, flowers are only tiny, and trees always sprout again. Send willows in May, mulberries pick pears, and preach the truth. Immortals have been implanted since ancient times, and the old man once had a medicine doctor. Meet the master, consult Fang Er and start practicing Judaism at once. This poem is written for the frail old man. If the elderly don't give up on themselves, they can still be rejuvenated if they practice the three treasures of spirit and take over their lives with sex. Trees have no roots, flowers are green, and the three immortals of China have existed since ancient times. Fireworks village, wine and meat forest, constant meat and asexuality. Prostitution loses longevity treasure, wine and meat wear the intestines and wear the heart. Cut to the chase, no flowers, no wine. Later generations have different understandings of this word. Someone grabbed the last sentence, "no flowers and no wine", saying that Zhang Sanfeng is a fairy of debauchery; Zhang Sanfeng's admirers interpret "Hua San" as personal vitality, not fireworks, wine and meat. Among them, it seems that "keeping one's body from prostitution", "adultery loses eternal treasure, wine and meat wear the intestines in the heart" and so on advocate abstinence from prostitution and alcohol. Rootless tree, flowers are lonely, is yin and yang similar? The cock's eggs are hard to grab, and so are the chickens. A woman without a husband is a dissatisfied wife, and a man without a wife is a widower. Sigh lost, too vague, sit still and nourish your qi and turn dry. Zhang Sanfeng explained the profound theory of competition between yin and yang with the simple truth of men, women and husband and wife, thus pointing out that we should not only cultivate sex or life, but also cultivate sex (psychology) and life (physiology). Rootless trees, flowers are round, and the harvest is full of flavor. Like oranges, like projectiles, beware of them. Learn some methods of collecting vegetation and return to the original life. Choose a spiritual position, tie the Taoist temple, and welcome the congenital return. Describe the scene of returning to Dan, and point out that as long as you keep practicing, you can combine essence and qi to form a pure yang thing that looks like an orange or a projectile, and you can return to nature. Rootless tree, flowers just double, Long Hudou altar. Lead and mercury are matched with yin and yang, which is as priceless as Zhu Xuan. This is the seed of real home, which has a long life of rejuvenation. Go to heaven, paradise, lest you see the dead again. This is the combination of yin and yang and the combination of three treasures. If the temperament is condensed, the spirit is condensed, the yin and yang are matched, and one breath is confused, the cultivation purpose of rejuvenation and longevity can be achieved completely. Rootless trees, flowers are wonderful, and the cultivation in mid-month is at noon. Grasp the cloud hand, step on the ladder, and take the first innate branch. Drink and wear flowers, and laugh as drunk as a fairy. I am very grateful to you and want to protect you from flying in the furnace. This song advocates taking one side and caring about sex, forgetting promises, returning to the light, and then getting better and better, just like wearing fairy flowers and drinking fairy wine, endless. But taking medicine into the furnace requires cheap and warm care, and the gods are speechless. Please protect it and stick to it, otherwise the temperature in Freud Dan will be poor and the stove will be destroyed. Every link of Zhang Sanfeng's inner alchemy, such as abstinence, herb picking and refining, has a word to elaborate. As far as its content is concerned, it can be said that there is nothing unique beyond its predecessors. However, he broke through the profound law of Taoist writing for a long time, and expressed the theory of refining shape, preserving essence, adjusting mind, fate and returning to the original in the form of easy-to-understand lyrics, which was Zhang Sanfeng's contribution to promoting the spread of Taoist thought. Therefore, many people in later generations highly praised his Rootless Tree, saying that it "spits out the old and absorbs the new, and continues the biography of Zhong Lu". Many Taoist masters have taken pains to annotate rootless trees, among which Liu, a descendant of Longmen Sect in Qing Dynasty, and Li Xiyue, the ancestor of Neidanxi Sect, have the most detailed and accurate annotations. I also admire Zhang Sanfeng's own Taoism. Almost all Taoist schools in Ming and Qing Dynasties were related to Zhang Sanfeng, such as Baoji Sanfeng School, Wudang Sanfeng School, Wuwangshan Sanfeng School, Sanfeng Natural School, Sanfeng Penglai School and Sanfeng Rixin School. According to statistics, in the late Qing Dynasty, as many as 17 Taoists took Zhang Sanfeng as their father. Among them, there are many influential factions, such as Li Xiyue, who claimed that Zhang Sanfeng personally taught the secrets during the Daoguang period and was active in Leshan, Sichuan, and founded one of the largest Taoism at that time. Third, the creation of Wudang stunts Wudang stunts and Shaolin Kung Fu are the achievements of China Wushu and two bright pearls in the treasure house of national historical heritage. According to the different characteristics of Wudang and Shaolin Wushu, China Wushu can be divided into South School and North School, which is known as "Wudang in the south and Shaolin in the north". Shaolin Boxing takes Buddhism as its ancestor, and wudang boxing takes Zhang Sanfeng as its pioneer. How did Zhang Sanfeng create the method of family boxing? This is a question of general interest to martial arts and academic circles since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Up to now, there are three popular sayings: one is a gift from the true military. In Wang Zhengnan's epitaph and the Annals of Ningbo, Zhang Sanfeng dreamed of Zhenwu Shen Jun's arrival one night on his way to Bianjing, and taught him boxing. At dawn the next day, Zhang Sanfeng was surrounded by a group of robbers who robbed the road. He defeated the robbers with his godsend fist. From then on, Zhang Sanfeng was famous for his boxing. The second is the inspiration from the war between birds and snakes. The story of Zhang Sanfeng's "Fighting between Birds and Snakes" has been circulated in Wudang Mountain so far. It is said that Zhang Sanfeng saw a bird fighting a snake on the Sloppy Cliff. Whenever the bird flies around trying to hit a long snake, the snake wriggles away and is not hit. After a long stalemate, the bird was exhausted and flew away helplessly. The long snake also got into the grass freely. Zhang Sanfeng was inspired by the struggle between the bird and the snake: softness can overcome rigidity, and quietness can brake. So, imitating the action of the long snake created the internal boxing. The third is born out of Shaolin boxing. Huang Baijia, a disciple of boxer Wang Zhengnan, said in his book Family Law that Zhang Sanfeng practiced Shaolin Boxing in "Getting Familiar" earlier, and later reformed Shaolin Boxing, so he became a school of his own. Kim's wudang boxing secret is more specific. He said that Shaolin boxing takes five fists as its essence and eighteen styles as its skeleton. Zhang Sanfeng began to learn Shaolin Boxing, and achieved its subtle purpose. Later, it was changed into eighteen characters, and five kinds of boxing were accepted as Duan Jin. So family boxing was born. The author thinks that all three statements have some truth. Although the theory of divine boxing is an old trick taught by Taoism with Shinto, it is reasonable to get inspiration from dreams, just as world-famous creators and inventors get inspiration from dreams. Although it seems a little stiff to combine the softness of snake's internal fist, it is scientific to imitate the movements of animals to create fists. Isn't the "Wuqinxi" initiated by Hua Tuo a precedent? Isn't the skill of monkey fist and eagle claw in Wushu just imitating action? Born out of Shaolin, Shaolin's theory of five fists and eighteen styles corresponds to Wudang's ten paragraphs and eighteen characters. Although a little persistent, you should know that boxers can only be created on the basis of mastering a lot of kung fu. Zhang Sanfeng has traveled all over the world for decades. According to the genealogy of Taoist schools, he lives in Chongfu Palace in Songshan, and it is possible to learn some Shaolin boxing. When he was proficient in Shaolin boxing, he found that these kungfu were galloping and jumping, so he naturally transformed it into a new boxing method to brake statically. Zhang Sanfeng's creation of Neijia Boxing is more or less related to the inspiration of dreams, animals and the predecessor of Shaolin Boxing, and is also closely related to Taoist theory and Taoist cultivation. The name, quantity, style and characteristics of Neijia Boxing are branded with Taoism everywhere. Zhang Sanfeng is well versed in Taoism, and the history books say that he "taught by three words, and then spoke out, all of which were based on moral loyalty and filial piety". His family-run boxing methods, such as Tai Ji Chuan, Bagua Boxing, Xingyiquan, five elements boxing, Chunyang Boxing, Mixed Yuan Boxing, Xuanwu Stick and so on, all come from the Taoist scriptures. Neijia Boxing is extensive and profound, with many factions, but all of them are founded by Zhang Sanfeng. Boxing also has the characteristics of the same sex, that is, paying attention to internal strength, yin and yang changes, slow and steady movements, subtle posture, vigorous strength, carefree spirit, and stressing the coordination and unity of meaning, qi and strength; It is embodied in the specific enemy with soft control and static braking. These characteristics are consistent with the Taoist thought of quietness, indifference and inaction and the Taoist practice of refining qi, refining qi and restoring emptiness. In fact, both academic circles and martial arts circles have seen that Neijia Boxing is a combination of Taoist cultivation methods, such as guidance, breathing, qigong and so on. Experts say that Neijia Boxing is the actual embodiment of Taoist philosophy in health preservation and martial arts. It is also pointed out that the "Ten Duan Brocade" of Neijia Boxing comes from Zhang Sanfeng's processing and transformation of the Taoist cultivation method "Eight Duan Brocade" in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Because the Ming Dynasty Neijia Boxing was dictated by examples, we can't know exactly what the boxing created by Zhang Sanfeng was like, and we can only understand its basic practices and playing methods according to the works since the Qing Dynasty. Training methods are divided into step training and hand training. The training steps are mainly "ma bu" and 18 footwork; Trainers were originally 36 words, but boxers in past dynasties were reduced to 18 words, such as "disability, pushing, helping, grabbing, holding, pressing, sucking, sticking, jumping, circling, inserting, throwing, supporting, rubbing, dispersing, swallowing and spitting". Each word has four formulas to explain its meaning. For example, the word "seize" turns around unstoppable and pushes the air more. " Zhang Jiaquan's style of play has a long rhyme, but it is difficult for people who are not martial arts to understand its meaning, just like the boxer in the family boasts that "iron shoes are not as good as a craftsman". Let's take a look at how it works. Play focuses on strength and typing. There is a difference between strength and strength, and so is waiting and catching up. Before you fight, focus on energy storage; After you play, you might as well make good use of it. From the beginning, it is better to wait for the fight; After starting, catch up with the game. The exquisiteness of Neijia Boxing is embodied in "Six Boxing" and "Ten Brocade". Experts say that six boxing is similar to ten brocade. The main purpose is to practice bones, but the function is different. Six fists make the bone tight, and ten fists make the bone open. The sixth road is named for attacking and defending in six directions, front, back, left, right, up and down, and each direction has a boxing road. Martial arts works call this kind of boxing extremely wonderful. "When you contract, there is no gap all over your body, and when you disperse, your arms are covered with hands." "When you stretch, you stand on it, and it is unstoppable, so that the body turns into a fairy." It shows that its tactics are strange and the power of attack and defense is great. Zhang Sanfeng's internal boxing is "nourishing internal evils". Practice has proved that practicing this boxing can strengthen physique, delay illness, cultivate temperament and temper will, and at the same time, it can also play a role in self-defense, resist foreign enemies and inspire national spirit. Therefore, Zhang Sanfeng's creation of Neijia Boxing is beneficial to mankind, and it is a precious historical and cultural heritage that will be left to future generations, and will always be admired by future generations.