(A) the basic meaning
Cultural relics are the remains and relics left by human beings in the process of historical development. All kinds of cultural relics reflect social activities, social relations, ideology, utilization and transformation of nature and ecological environment in different historical periods, and are valuable historical and cultural heritage of mankind. The protection, management and scientific research of cultural relics are of great significance to people's understanding of their own history and creativity, revealing the objective laws of human social development, and understanding and promoting the development of contemporary and future society. Discipline. Conservation management and scientific research are interrelated, mutually promoting and complementary, and they are a systematic and comprehensive science.
In China, the word "cultural relics" is used together, which first appeared in Zuo Zhuan. "Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Two Years" records: "Fude, frugal, boarded and descended several times, and declared cultural relics in a disciplined manner; Taking care of officials, officials are afraid and dare not change discipline. " Later, The Biography of the Southern Xiongnu in the Later Han Dynasty said, "Make clothes and prepare cultural relics." The above-mentioned "literature and objects" originally refers to the ritual and music system at that time, which is different from modern cultural relics. In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Luobin's poem: "Cultural relics moved to Russia to thank, and the heroic spirit rose and fell", and Du Mu's poem: "Cultural relics in the Six Dynasties connected with the sky, and the sky was light and the clouds were idle, which is the same today." The meaning of "cultural relics" here is close to modern cultural relics, referring to the relics of the previous generation. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty (1 1 century), epigraphy rose, focusing on bronzes and stone carvings, and then gradually expanded to study other ancient artifacts, collectively referred to as "ancient artifacts" or "antiquities". The common names in the early Ming and Qing Dynasties were "antiques" or "bone dong". Antiques began to be used again in the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty (18th century).
Precious national treasures (20 pieces)
Words. These different names have the same meaning, but on many occasions, antiques, dominoes and antiques refer to ancient artifacts other than calligraphy and painting and inscriptions.
During the Republic of China, the concept and content of antiquities were broader than in the past. 1930 (in the 19th year of the Republic of China), the Antiquities Preservation Law promulgated by the National Government clearly stipulates: "Antiquities as mentioned in this Law refer to all cultural relics related to archaeology, history and paleontology." Explain that its concept has gone far beyond the past "antiquities" and "antiques".
In the mid-1930s, the term "cultural relics" was used again. From 65438 to 0935, Beiping Municipal Government edited and published A Brief Introduction to the Cultural Relics of the Old Capital. In the same year, Beiping Cultural Relics Arrangement Committee was established to study and restore ancient buildings. The concept of "cultural relics" here already includes immovable cultural relics.
Different countries have different names for cultural relics, meaning and scope, so there is no unified definition of cultural relics.
(2) Features
Cultural relics refer to specific material remains, whose basic characteristics are: first, they must be created by human beings or related to human activities; Second, it must be an irreversible past. According to the characteristics of cultural relics and the specific situation of preserving cultural relics in China, contemporary China regards the word "cultural relics" as the general name of all valuable material remains left over from the historical development of human society, created by human beings or related to human activities.
Second, cultural heritage: Cultural heritage is conceptually divided into tangible cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage. Including material cultural heritage and intangible cultural heritage. Material and cultural heritage is a cultural relic with historical, artistic and scientific value; Intangible cultural heritage refers to various forms of traditional cultural expressions that exist in intangible forms and are closely related to people's lives and passed down from generation to generation. Since 2006, the second Saturday in June has been China Heritage Day.
(1) Classification Introduction
Tangible heritage
Tangible cultural heritage is "cultural heritage" in the traditional sense
Cultural heritage icon
According to the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (hereinafter referred to as the World Heritage Convention), it includes historical relics, historical buildings and human cultural sites. Material and cultural heritage includes immovable cultural relics such as ancient ruins, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, murals, important historical sites, representative buildings, and movable cultural relics such as important physical objects, works of art, documents, manuscripts, books and materials in various periods in history; And famous historical and cultural cities (blocks, villages and towns) with outstanding universal value in architectural style, uniform distribution or combination with environmental scenery.
incorporeal hereditament
According to the definition of UNESCO Convention for the Protection of Intangible Cultural Heritage, intangible cultural heritage refers to "various customs, performances, forms of expression, knowledge and skills and related tools, articles, handicrafts and cultural sites, which are regarded as their cultural heritage by various groups, groups and sometimes individuals.
"Intangible cultural heritage" refers to various customs, performances, forms of expression, knowledge and skills and related tools, articles, handicrafts and cultural sites that are regarded as their cultural heritage by various groups, groups or sometimes individuals. Intangible cultural heritage includes: oral legends and expressions, including intangible cultural heritage with language as the medium; Performing arts; Social customs, etiquette and festivals; Knowledge and practice about nature and the universe; Traditional handicraft skills. Intangible cultural heritage refers to various forms of traditional cultural expression (such as folk literature, folk activities, performing arts, traditional knowledge and skills, as well as related utensils and crafts, etc. ) and cultural space (that is, places where traditional cultural activities are held regularly or concentrated on traditional culture, such as song concerts, temple fairs, traditional festivals and celebrations, etc. ).
form
Intangible cultural heritage, also known as intangible cultural heritage, mainly refers to folk cultural heritage with national historical accumulation and extensive and outstanding representation. It was once known as the "living fossil" of history and culture and "the back of national memory". It includes folklore, customs, language, music, dance, etiquette, celebration, cooking and traditional medicine.
trait
The biggest feature of intangible cultural heritage is that it is not divorced from the special way of life and production of the nation, and it is a vivid embodiment of national personality and aesthetic habits. It exists on the basis of human beings, with sound, images and skills as the means of expression and word-of-mouth as the cultural chain. It is the most fragile part of "living" culture and its tradition. Therefore, for the inheritance process of intangible cultural heritage, people are particularly important.
affect
UNESCO believes that intangible cultural heritage is an important factor in determining cultural identity, stimulating creativity and protecting cultural diversity, and plays a vital role in mutual tolerance and coordination between different cultures. Therefore, a resolution was passed in 1998 to establish an intangible cultural heritage selection. There are three basic conditions for applying for this project, one is artistic value, the other is endangered, and the third is a complete protection plan. Only one country is allowed to declare once every two years. Since 200 1, two evaluations have been conducted, and 47 oral and intangible cultural heritages have been approved, including China Kunqu Opera and Guqin, Xinjiang Muqam, and Mongolian Long Tune jointly bid with Mongolia.
(2) Heritage standard
standard of classification
Historical monument
From the historical, artistic or scientific point of view, buildings, sculptures and paintings with outstanding and universal value, inscriptions with archaeological elements or structures, caves, settlements and various cultural relics are a comprehensive body.
Archaeological site
From the perspective of history, aesthetics, ethnology or anthropology, man-made projects or masterpieces of man and nature and archaeological sites with outstanding and universal value.
architectural complex
From the perspective of history, art or science, a single or interrelated building with outstanding and universal value because of its architectural form, identity and position in the landscape.
evaluation criterion
Any cultural heritage project nominated for inclusion in the World Heritage List must meet one or more of the following criteria before it can be approved.
The first criterion is that if a heritage project is to be included in the world heritage, it must represent unique artistic achievements and creative masterpieces. For example, the Acropolis in Athens represented the highest art in ancient Greece at that time.
Temple of Heaven
Achievements reflect the creativity and wisdom of the Greeks. The Acropolis project meets the first standard of world heritage, especially these temples, which were built by some of the most famous artists in Greece.
The second criterion is that the heritage projects in a certain period or a certain cultural area in the world reflect the change of human concepts such as architectural art or the art of memorial architecture, including urban planning and landscape design. If briefly summarized, it can be said to express the change of human concept. Then an example like this is a German heritage project called Bauhaus College. It has only been an art school for ten years, but during its short existence of more than ten years, this school has transformed classical or traditional architectural education and art design education into a modernist education model. It reflects the transformation of human thoughts and aesthetic concepts, including educational concepts, in the 1920s. Therefore, although it has only existed for more than ten years, its school is still included in the World Heritage List. Because it reflects the change of human concept in such a period.
The third criterion is the heritage project that people face, which can become a disappearing civilization or cultural tradition, and it can provide such a witness. For example, like Jerusalem, this
Cultural heritage city
It is a very important heritage project, reflecting the development of ancient human civilization here. Some of these civilizations, or cultures, have changed and disappeared today, but Jerusalem is their birthplace and a historical witness of their existence. If this standard can be met, this project can also be included in the World Heritage List.
The fourth criterion means that it can be regarded as an important stage in human history, a typical and representative building, which can reflect this era and is an outstanding example of architecture or landscape in this era. If you simply say an outstanding example of an era. For example, like our Forbidden City, this is actually the case. When you talk about such a period in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties and the feudal society in China, you can immediately associate it with the Forbidden City, the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Forbidden City in Shenyang. They have become the symbol of such an era. Then, for example, the Kremlin and Red Square are also an item on the World Heritage List. When it comes to the development process of Russian revolution and early socialism, this
The fifth criterion is the heritage we face, which can be used as traditional sojourners of human beings, and how to use land and people.
cultural heritage
An outstanding example of class life. In particular, it may reflect one or several cultures. For example, the famous Italian city Venice is such an example. Since the Middle Ages, some people fled the war and settled here, and then built such a city. With the development of Italian economy, Venice's economy and Venice's strength, the city gradually developed, and then many excellent buildings were built. Then a large number of artists have been trained here, such as the Venetian School. With the change of the whole world trade system and the gradual change of the sea power of all countries in the world, Venice later lost its original position. Today it may have lost its brilliance, but Venice itself has witnessed such a civilization. Cities like this can also be included in the World Heritage List. In fact, Lijiang and Pingyao also belong to it. For example, the relationship between Lijiang and Snow Mountain, Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, and the surrounding wetlands can verify this balance between man and nature.
The sixth standard is a special standard.
China World Cultural Heritage (20 pieces)
Generally speaking, this standard cannot be directly used as a separate standard to evaluate whether a world heritage project can be included in the World Heritage List, so it is directly related to the world with special significance or the current tradition, thought or literature and art. This project is slightly different from the five standards we mentioned earlier. The first five criteria can be included in the World Heritage List as long as one of them is met, but for the sixth one, one of the first five criteria needs to be met before the sixth one can be included as a supplementary item. For example, the Forbidden City is related to many very important figures in our history, and can also meet the requirements of this standard.
The World Heritage List was first published in 1978, with 12 items. Now there are 754 items, and the number has changed greatly. In such a changing process of world heritage, some new types of heritage projects are constantly emerging. For example, we just talked about
ashes
The problem of the city, from the monuments stipulated in the heritage convention to the ruins of the building, developed into the later cities. Later, I felt that it was not enough to have only cities and these buildings, and I hope to further expand them. So in 1992, a new flavor, which belongs to cultural heritage, is put forward, and a concept of cultural landscape is put forward. In fact, the content reflected by the cultural landscape is the result of the interaction between man and nature, thus producing such a special human cultural outlook.
Cultural landscape includes three types. The first is that human beings have clearly planned, designed and built landscapes, including landscapes with aesthetic value like this garden square, which is a type. The other is gradually developed, which may not be designed by people at one time, but gradually developed. It is based on a social culture or even an administrative or religious requirement, and eventually forms a landscape that adapts to the environment. The other is actually a combination. For example, it includes some natural features, and at the same time, some humanistic things are combined to form a powerful one, which is expressed through some material inheritance. There are three types of cultural landscapes. From this perspective, Lushan Mountain is also the process of its gradual formation and development. Perhaps the second one is more suitable, because it is a very unique landscape environment with outstanding world value, which is gradually formed due to the requirements of social culture or religion. This is a relatively new type of heritage protection.