Metal ware with enamel glaze on its surface is called enamel ware, and cloisonne enamel ware is a kind of enamel ware. According to archaeological findings, cloisonne enamel was first born in ancient Greece, and was introduced to China by Arabs in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. The production of cloisonne can be roughly divided into seven steps: making tires, making tires with metal (mainly copper); Twisted silk, made of copper or gold and silver patterns, attached to the carcass; Welding: welding patterns of copper or gold and silver on the copper tire; Point blue and glaze, the last layer of enamel glaze is burned once, and repeated for many times (about ten times) until the enamel glaze is flush with cloisonne; Polishing: polishing glaze and cloisonne; Polished and painted gold. The production technology of copper tire cloisonne in Yuan Dynasty is immature, the production scale is not large, and it is rare. In the Ming Dynasty, the technology of cloisonne enamel was further valued by the imperial court, and a large number of cloisonne enamels were produced by the imperial court, which was widely used in the court, forming the climax of cloisonne enamel production and use. Most of these cloisonne enamels are made of copper-based metals.

? I once collected a porcelain tire sprinkled with gold powder, with golden enamel and Petunia pattern. It was made of gold material, and the porcelain tire glaze was sprinkled with gold powder. It is really rare and precious.

Bowl diameter: 136mm, height: 40mm, and foot diameter: 40mm. Bowl open, shallow arc belly, round foot. Three groups of morning glory were decorated with gold enamel on the basis of golden powder porcelain tires, and two flowers in each group became a bud; The thickness of porcelain embryo is about 2.6 mm, which belongs to the category of thin embryo porcelain. The Cloisonneenamel craft level of porcelain tire is the highest in porcelain, with fine and even threads and flush glaze; The sweet white glaze in the bowl is white and delicate, and the luster is jade-like. The pure yellow glaze is used as the background color for the bowl, which makes the Cloisonneenamel morning glory more bright and dazzling, showing the royal demeanor. The bottom circle is invisible and closely engraved with the seal script "Yongle Year System". The fine thin-shell porcelain of Yongle Imperial Kiln is combined with the cloisonne enamel process, and the exquisite patterns of big flowers and big leaves are pasted on the white and shiny tread with gold wire drawing, and then filled with bright and transparent enamel, which is magnificent and exquisite. This kind of porcelain was sent to the palace after the porcelain tire was burned in Jingdezhen, and the enamel was put back into the kiln several times under the supervision of the imperial master in the palace. Due to the complex process, it is necessary to solve the problem of fixing choke pattern on porcelain tire, the problem of difficult adhesion caused by different expansion coefficients of metal, enamel and porcelain tire, and the fragility of porcelain tire, resulting in a very low qualified rate of finished products (65,438+00%).

After Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, there was no porcelain tire with gold enamel in official works. Generally speaking, the material used to clamp wires is brass. According to domestic and foreign literature and related materials, this Ming Dynasty "Yongle Nian system" porcelain thin tire with golden enamel and morning glory pattern hat bowl will completely change the history of Cloisonneenamel porcelain thin tire biography in terms of material, technology and age!

Contributed by Chongqing Collection Editorial Department