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The war at the end of primitive society

There was a war in the late primitive society. According to archaeological data, the earliest war appeared in the early Middle Stone Age. This shows that from primitive people to the present, there has been less than 10 thousand years of war in the long history of about two or three million years. The war in primitive society is a war between clans and tribes or tribal alliances, mainly for natural wealth such as land, rivers and mountains, which evolved into primitive wars.

Section 1 Characteristics and Methods of War in the Late Period of Primitive Society

In the early days of primitive society, productivity was extremely low. People have been gathering and hunting for a long time, living a peaceful life of primitive communism with collective life and equal distribution. Sometimes, conflicts occur in order to compete for wild fruit prey, rob marriage or revenge of blood clan. Later, with the increasing population, clans gradually formed phratries, tribes and production gradually developed, resulting in a great social division of labor in agriculture and animal husbandry. Tribes and tribes form tribal alliances because of the same interests in the process of communication. Wars often occur because of conflicts of interest. At that time, there was no strict distinction between weapons and production tools, and stone refrigeration weapons were mainly used in the war, that is, "taking stones as soldiers." After wars and other exchange activities, tribes gradually merged, production further developed, handicrafts were separated from agriculture, and the components of social surplus products and private property were constantly increasing, so prisoners of war were no longer eaten and killed and became useful labor. From then on, "ancient tribes' fighting against tribes began to degenerate into constant looting on land and at sea, seizing livestock, slaves and treasures and becoming a normal business" (Selected Military Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 2, Page 4 13). The war at this time was not only cruel, but also quite large. The wars between Huangdi Tribe and Chiyou Tribe in ancient China, Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe, and the war in the heroic age described in Homer's epic in ancient Greece also provided a large number of slaves for the victorious countries, which accelerated the disintegration of primitive society and the formation of classes and countries.

The second section briefly introduces the war at the end of primitive society.

First of all, briefly introduce the primitive social war in China.

(A) the battle of the Yellow Emperor to conquer all ethnic groups in the Central Plains

According to legend, during the period of Huangdi (about 26th century AD), Huangdi led his tribal alliance to conquer other tribes in the Central Plains.

16.7 million years ago, the ancestors of the Chinese nation lived on the land of China. Today, about 10 thousand years ago, their footprints have reached Heilongjiang in the north and Pearl River Basin in the south. After the multiplication, differentiation, intermarriage, alliance, war and migration of various clans and tribes, some tribal groups have formed in the vast area centered on the Yellow River and the Yangtze River about 5,000 years ago. The ancient Qiang people named Jiang lived in Guanzhong and western Henan. Gu Rong people live in central Henan, northern Henan and southern Hebei; The ancient Yi people live between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River in Shandong Province. The ancient Miao and Man groups living in the south of Henan at the turn of the Han Dynasty entered the era of military democracy one after another. Xuanyuan tribe, headed by Huangdi, grew rapidly and became powerful, forming an alliance including Ji surname 12 tribe. Domestic social organizations are tight, and foreign countries strengthen military development. Tribes that refuse to join are often attacked. Smaller clans and tribes around were conquered and joined. Or be driven away. The Yellow Emperor gradually became the alliance leader of a larger tribe. Weapons specially used in combat have been differentiated from production tools, including Shi Mao, Shi Shuo, Shi Ge and Zhang Shihe's bow and arrow. Battalion guards composed of tribal warriors have been formed, defending the leaders in peacetime and being the backbone in wartime. At that time, there was a tribal alliance in Yan Di, which refused to obey the orders of the Yellow Emperor. The Yellow Emperor then attacked Yan Di in Sakamoto. After many fierce battles, they reached an alliance again. Feng surname Guyi Group. At this time, it has multiplied and split into two major tribal alliances headed by Shao Hao and Chiyou. The Chiyou Tribal Alliance, known as "Jiuli" in history, is good at making weapons and fighting bravely. Conquered more than 20 tribes, controlled the Sulu-Henan border region, and actively expanded westward and northward. The Yellow Emperor was captured in the field of Zhuolu.

Since then, the fame of the Yellow Emperor has spread far and wide, which has accelerated the integration of some ancient tribes with different blood ties and cultures, such as Qiang, Rong, Yi and Miao, and laid the foundation for the formation of the Chinese nation and Chinese culture.

(2) The battle of Shennong's axe attack embarrassed his family.

Today, about 5,000 years ago, many tribal groups were formed in the vast area centered on the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. In the 30th century BC, Shennong was a tribe of ancient Yi tribes, living in the southeast of Henan Province, mainly engaged in agricultural production, and had been engaged in pottery smelting, handicrafts and exchange markets. In order to open up the production and living space and gradually develop to the northeast, I became interested in Axe Yi, another ancient Yi tribe living in southwest Shandong. Conflicts have arisen. The axe tribe refused to give in. Shennong attacked the axe family in the north, defeated it and merged it. Subsequently, Shennong tribe moved from Huaiyang, Henan Province to Qufu, Shandong Province. Neighboring tribes automatically join to form a tribal alliance. This battle was the first combat operation recorded in ancient documents of China.

Second, a brief introduction to the primitive social wars in the world

Battle of troy

In ancient Greek myths and legends, the countries of the Ahaya Alliance (Mycenae, Tallinn, Siwei, etc. ) headed by Agamemnon, king of Mycenae, fought against Troy, a small kingdom along the coast of northwest Asia Minor, Greece and Aegean Sea.

According to archaeological data, it is generally believed that this war took place in BC 1260. Homer's famous epics Iliad and Odyssey recorded the legend of the Trojan War. The Trojan War was caused by Paris, the prince of Troy, who lured away the wife of King Menelaus of Sparta. Menelaus and his brother Agamemnon United with the kings of other Greek city-states. Led a huge fleet to the coast of Troya. After a short battle, the Trojan army, which was outnumbered by the enemy, was forced to retreat and hide in Troy. Agamemnon's army camped on the coast outside Troy, but did not surround the fortress from all directions. Priam, king of Troy, took advantage of this condition to establish close ties with other regions of Caria, Lydia and Asia Minor, and always received assistance from these regions in the war. As a result, the war lasted for about ten years. The fighting action is mainly to kill the generals on both sides, make small-scale contact and fight at the gates on a large scale when the besieged army attacks. The Greek army used military tactics to enter the city. Many residents of Troy were massacred, some were taken as slaves, and the city was completely destroyed.