At the beginning of the Warring States and the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Europe was a Greek-Persian war. From 500 BC to 449 BC, the Greek side won.
The Peloponnesian War was a war between the Tyrol League headed by Athens and the Peloponnesian League headed by Sparta. The war lasted from 43 1 to 404 years ago, during which the two sides stopped fighting several times, and finally Sparta won, and Greece was defeated and occupied by Sparta.
The war between Sparta and Persia didn't end until 386 years ago. Sparta lost its hegemony, Greece and other city-states were rebuilt, and Tyrol Union was rebuilt.
The Kingdom of Macedonia refers to the period from about 800 BC to 65438 BC+046 BC.
The previous stage. Regent Philip II was ordered to eliminate the threats one by one. Later, he deposed his young master and called himself king. Through his hard work, Macedonia soon became a powerful country, a bit like Zhao Xiang, king of Qin. In 355 BC, the Greek city-states began military intervention, such as Qin Zhihu's view of six countries. In the summer of 338 BC, the Macedonian army and the anti-Macedonian allied forces led by Athens and Thebes fought a decisive battle in Cronia, central Greece, and the allied forces were defeated. In 336 BC, Philip II was killed by an assassin sent by Persia at his daughter's wedding. Alexander, the son of Philip II, succeeded to the throne at the age of 20. This man who looks a bit like Qin Shihuang appeared.
The middle period was the Alexander Empire, from 336 BC to 323 BC. In 336 BC, King Philip II of Macedonia conquered the whole Greek city-state, and Alexander suppressed the Greek anti-Macedonian movement with power and force.
In the spring of 334 BC, Alexander led an army of 35,000 people and 160 warships to the east. In 333 BC, Alexander led an army to defeat the 65,438+Persian army led by Darius Iii in the Syrian Isus Plain, and captured Darius Iii's mother, wife and two daughters. Alexander praised Darius' palace: "It's like a king!" " "
In 332 BC, Alexander cut off the contact between the Persian army and the maritime fleet and marched straight into Egypt, claiming to be the son of the sun god "Amon". He personally explored and designed Alexandria in the west of the Nile Delta, and he hoped it would last forever as a monument to his great achievements. The Pharaoh of Egypt gave Alexander the title of "Pharaoh".
In the spring of 33 1 BC, Alexander led his troops into the northern part of the two river basins. In June, 10, he fought a decisive battle with the so-called Million Wave Army in Milla, Gaja. In the battle, Darius Iii abandoned the array and fled, leading to the collapse of the whole line, and Persia lost its resistance. Macedonian troops occupied the Persian capitals of Babylon and Susa, and captured countless trophies.
In 330 BC, Alexander occupied Bohris, Persia, and obtained a huge sum of 6.5438+0.2 million talants. As revenge, he burned them in Persian palaces in Babylon, Susa, Persepolis and Ekbatan, thus ending the Persian Empire. In 329 BC, it crossed the Hindu Kush Mountain (connected with Pamir Plateau in China, Xinjiang) at the junction of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan, and reached the Syr Darya River in Central Asia.
In 327 BC, Alexander left Central Asia, passed through khyber pass, and invaded India to the south in an attempt to reach the "Earth Terminal".
At the beginning of 324 BC, the two armies joined forces in the city of Opis in Babylon. Due to the long journey, Alexander's troops suffered great losses. Nearly 10 years of Alexander expedition, finally ended. Alexander made Babylon his capital. He built a huge empire. Its territory starts from Greece and Macedonia in the west, reaches the Indus Valley in the east, connects the first waterfall of the Nile River in the south, and connects the Danube River and the Black Sea in the north. More than 70 forts named Alexandria were built.
In June 323 BC, Alexander suddenly suffered from malignant malaria. It was only 10 days from the onset to the end of his life, and he left this world in a hurry.
later stage
After Alexander's death, after decades of struggle between his ministries, a series of Hellenistic countries were established, leaving only the tip of the Balkan Peninsula in the kingdom of Macedonia (see Hellenistic era). In 276 BC, Gonnert II of Antioch was declared king by Macedonian army, and the Antioch dynasty was established (276 ~ 65438 BC+068 BC). The dynasty actively participated in the power struggle and land expansion between Hellenistic countries, trying to control Greece. Due to the growth of the AIA League, Athens and the whole Peloponnesian Peninsula got rid of Macedonia in 229 BC and 228 BC. Philip V (reigned 220- 179) attempted to return to Greece, and expanded in Illyria and Asia Minor, which clashed with Rome, and Rome gradually penetrated into the eastern Mediterranean. In the first Macedonian War from 2 15 BC to 205 BC, neither Rome nor Macedonia won a decisive victory, and finally ended up with a peace treaty that basically maintained the status quo. During the Second Macedonian War (200 BC ~ 65438 BC+097 BC), Philip V was defeated in the Battle of Kunosk Farai and was forced to give up all the territory except Macedonia. The third Macedonian War (former 17 1 ~ former 168) ended in the fiasco of Macedonian king Poerxiusi (former 179 ~ former 168) in the battle of Pidtner. Poerxiusi was captured and beheaded. Since then, Macedonia no longer exists as an independent country, but is divided into four regions that are separated from each other but still maintain a certain degree of autonomy. During the Fourth Macedonian War (149 ~ 148), after Rome suppressed the large-scale uprising of Macedonians, it merged four regions to form a province directly ruled by the Romans, together with Illyria and Saglia.