Looking back on the development history of electric bicycles in China, it was born in 1985 and began to develop rapidly in 2003. After nearly five years of speed-up, the industrial scale and production and sales volume have maintained an annual growth of more than 50%. Especially in 2005 and 2006, the development of the electric vehicle industry entered a blowout period. By the end of 2006, the number of electric vehicles in China had reached 56 million, and the whole electric vehicle industry was very optimistic about the development prospects this year. However, while people with lofty ideals in the whole industry were full of pride and confidence in the development of the industry, the electric vehicle market in China in 2007 was suddenly hit hard after the market opened, which made the whole industry disappointed.

The development of 2 1 century can be described as "the times call for green environmental protection", which not only requires people to pay attention to energy conservation, but also requires people to pay more attention to living environment and green environmental protection, so as to realize the sustainable development of society. China's oil resources are relatively poor, and the emission pollution of fuel oil and tail gas is the main source of air pollution in large and medium-sized cities in the future. Therefore, the development of electric vehicles in China is undoubtedly the inevitable trend in the future, and also meets the needs of the green revolution. Because of its environmental protection and low energy consumption, electric vehicles are the best transportation products for environmental protection and air pollution purification. How to provide a good ecological environment for the living environment and physical and mental health of the general public? The development of electric vehicle industry has adapted to this trend and is a tool for social sustainable development.

Before 1990s, the development of electric vehicles in China basically depended on imports, such as golf carts and sightseeing buses. Since 1992, China has developed and produced electric bicycle products. After nearly ten years of development, a large number of powerful and large-scale electric vehicle manufacturers such as Beijing Xinri and Zhejiang Luyuan have initially formed, and three industrial clusters have been formed in Xishan, Zhejiang and Tianjin, Jiangsu. These enterprises have now launched in the domestic market: electric motorcycles, electric cable cars, electric golf carts, electric sightseeing bus, electric cars, electric trucks, electric rescue vehicles, electric walking (walking) vehicles, electric scooters, electric bicycles, family cars and so on.

It's been ten years and three years since 1995, when the first light electric vehicle developed by Tsinghua University was born, and there are still so many kinds of trees and forests. But in the past thirteen years, it has recorded a myth of industrial growth, and also recorded a process from scratch to become the largest light electric vehicle industry in the world. From the first personal patent manufacturing to the first electric vehicle officially certified and allowed to be produced by the public security department, this emerging industry, which only belongs to China, has taken a step forward and reached an industrial scale envied by the whole world in just over ten years.

The development history of electric bicycles in China is generally recognized as three stages: the primary stage of electric bicycles, the stage of initial production scale and the stage of overspeed development. The primary stage of electric bicycle is also called the early experimental production stage of electric bicycle, from 1995 to 1999. At present, the key technologies of electric bicycle's motor, battery, charger and controller are explored and studied. In terms of R&D and production, it is mainly based on the spontaneous information collection, tracking technology, market observation and small-scale market trial release of production enterprises, which also makes electric bicycles enter the consumer's field of vision and gradually be recognized and accepted by consumers. From a technical point of view, the early electric bicycles can only travel about 30 kilometers with a new battery, and the battery life is short. The maximum output torque of the motor is only 14- 18N. M, and poor climbing ability, easy to wear, the motor is also a brush toothless motor.

The second stage is called the initial stage of large-scale production, because there are several opportunities to promote electric bicycles during this period, which makes the electric bicycles struggling in the initial stage suddenly usher in spring and the industry develops into scale, and the most valuable of these opportunities are the "no motorcycle" in various cities and the "SARS" in 2003. This period is generally recognized as the period from 2000 to 2004. During this period, with the breakthrough of key technologies and the continuous improvement of the performance of electric bicycles, electric bicycles have become the substitute products of motorcycles and bicycles, and their quickness, environmental protection, convenience and cheapness have attracted more consumers' recognition and stimulated the market demand for electric bicycles. In the growing market demand, the former R&D and production enterprises have risen rapidly, some new enterprises have started to enter, and the investment in electric bicycles has also been increasing, resulting in a rapid expansion of production capacity (see attached table 1. 1 for details). In addition, during this period, the rapidly rising enterprises are operating on a large scale, and the older generation of R&D and production enterprises are left behind. However, large-scale enterprises represented by brands such as Xinri, Luyuan, He Qian and Continental Pigeon have been formed, and three industrial clusters represented by Wuxi, Zhejiang and Tianjin have also been formed according to the differences between North and South.

The third stage is from 2005 to the present. This stage is the overspeed development stage of electric bicycles in China, which is dubbed as "spewing stage" by the industry. During this period, with the fierce competition among enterprises, the technical progress and the diffusion of new technologies have been greatly stimulated. The technical level of the whole industry has been greatly improved, and the life and capacity of batteries have increased by 35%. The motor has also developed from a single brush-tooth motor to a brushless high-efficiency motor, with a life of 5 times, an efficiency of nearly 30% and a climbing and bearing capacity of about 3.5 times. While the performance is improved, the manufacturing cost is also greatly reduced, and the price power is reduced to the original 21%; In the controller system and charging system, the technical level has also been greatly improved. Especially, battery technology and motor technology have made great progress. The technical breakthrough of lead-acid batteries for electric vehicles has been ahead of the international market, forming Zhejiang Changxing plate headed by Tianneng and Wei Chao, Jiangsu plate represented by Kanglien and Deng Shuang, and Guangdong plate represented by Da Rui. Batteries have also evolved from single lead-acid batteries into various types of high-performance batteries, and the emergence of lithium batteries has further promoted the development of electric bicycles, especially simple models. In terms of motors, the invention of permanent magnet brushless motors has obviously accelerated the pace of industry development.

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