Atractylodes macrocephala. Also known as operation, Zhejiang operation, winter operation and seed operation. It is a perennial herb of Compositae. Location: Pan 'an, Dongyang, Xinchang, Tiantai and Shengxian, Zhejiang Province. With a long history of cultivation, high yield and good quality, it is known as Zhejiang art, and there are also large-scale cultivation in Yixing, Haimen, Nantong and other counties in Jiangsu. In addition, Jiangxi, Henan, Sichuan, Hunan, Hebei, Fujian, Anhui and other more than 20 provinces (regions) are also planted. Use rhizome as medicine. The main component of Atractylodes macrocephala is volatile oil, which contains atractyl alcohol, atractylone, atractylone A, atractylone B, 3-β- acetoxyatractylone, 3-β- hydroxyatractylone, juniper and vitamin A. Clinical pharmacological experiments show that it has diuretic and hypoglycemic effects, and has the effects of increasing leukopenia caused by chemotherapy and physiotherapy, calming and relieving gastrointestinal peristalsis. It tastes sweet and bitter, and its nature is slightly warm. Has the effects of invigorating spleen, regulating stomach, eliminating dampness, promoting diuresis, arresting sweating and preventing miscarriage. Indications: spleen deficiency, anorexia, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, spontaneous sweating, and restless fetal movement.

I. Morphological characteristics

The plant height is 30-80 cm, the rhizome is thick, slightly palmately shaped, and the peel is grayish yellow. The stem is erect and the base is lignified. Leaves alternate, the lower leaves of the stem have long stalks, the leaves are 3-parted or pinnately 5-parted, and the edges have spiny teeth; The petiole on the upper part of the stem becomes shorter, the leaves are not divided, and they are oval or ovate-lanceolate. The head is solitary at the end of the branch and has a large shape; The involucre has 7-3 layers, and the base of involucre is surrounded by pinnately divided leaf involucre. Most of the flowers are inserted on the flat receptacle, all of which are tubular flowers with purple corolla and 5 stamens, which are aggregated and linear. 1 pistil, lower ovary. Achenes are oblong-oval, slightly flat, densely villous on the surface and pinnate in the crown (Figure 14-65).

Fig. 14-65 morphological diagram of atractylodes macrocephala.

1. Plant 2. Root tuber 3. Inflorescence 4. Cut the flower that exposes the stamens.

Second, biological characteristics.

Atractylodes macrocephala likes cool climate and is afraid of high temperature and humidity. Seeds germinate above 65438 05℃, and the optimum germination temperature is 25-30℃. When the temperature is above 35℃, the seeds germinate slowly and mildew occurs. When the temperature is higher than 40℃, all the seeds lose their vitality and become moldy. The temperature is between 18-20℃, and the water content is sufficient. After sowing, seedlings begin to emerge on 10- 15 days. The seedlings can withstand frost for a short time after they are unearthed.

The effective accumulated temperature during the growth period from March to June is about 4757℃, and the precipitation is 1 109mm. The average temperature is in the range of 24-29%, and the growth rate of plants increases with the increase of temperature. When the average temperature of the day exceeds 30℃, the aboveground growth of plants is inhibited. The suitable temperature for rhizome growth is 26-28℃. The period from mid-August to late September is the fastest period of rhizome expansion. During this period, if the temperature difference between day and night is large and there is a certain amount of water, the rhizome growth will be the most urgent and the yield will be significantly improved.

The seed germination of Atractylodes macrocephala requires more water, and the water absorption is generally 3-4 times of the seed weight to promote seed germination. So if the weather is dry after sowing, water the seeds in time to ensure that the seedlings are strong.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) cultivation techniques

1. Land selection and preparation

In mountainous areas or hilly areas, it is generally appropriate to choose plots with ventilation, shade and good drainage. Areas with conditions can reclaim wasteland to reduce diseases. Sandy loam with loose soil, medium fertility and good drainage is selected in plain areas. The high soil fertility and vigorous seedling growth promoted the early reproductive growth of seedlings in that year and affected the planting quality. Winter ploughing should be carried out after the previous harvest, and ploughing should be carried out in the middle of March. When ploughing, apply 1500 kg of ring fertilizer per mu and turn it into the soil evenly. After intensive cultivation, the frame was made with the width of 100- 120 cm. Slopes in mountainous areas should be horizontally bordered to avoid soil erosion. Top dressing after seedling stage, 500 kg of dilute human excrement and urine per mu, and top dressing again in July, with dilute human excrement and urine per mu 1000 kg.

2. Propagation method Five Atractylodes macrocephala are propagated with seeds. In recent years, in some areas, the lateral buds or main buds of rhizomes are used for propagation, but they are rarely used in production because of low yield and poor quality.

The sowing date of Atractylodes macrocephala seeds varies with different climatic conditions. Sowing is generally carried out in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces from late March to early May, but it is better to sow from late March to early April. Too early, the seedlings are easily affected by late frost, which affects the growth of seedlings; It's too late, and the seedlings are growing poorly. Before sowing, seeds with full grains, bright colors, complete cotyledons and no pests and diseases should be selected. The seeds in alternate years have weak viability and low germination rate, which is not suitable for planting. In order to advance seedling emergence and improve germination rate, seeds are soaked before sowing to accelerate germination. Soak seeds in warm water at 25-30℃ for 24 hours, keep moisture, and sow when radicle turns white.

There are two kinds of sowing methods: drilling and sowing. According to the row spacing of 15- 16 cm, the drill should be ditched, with a depth of about 4-6 cm and a sowing width of 7-9 cm, and the bottom of the ditch should be flat, so as to make the emergence consistent. Then evenly spread the seeds into the ditch, cover them with burnt mud ash, cover them with cake fertilizer and calcium superphosphate, cover the soil until the border is flat, and then cover them with straw to keep moisture. The sowing amount per mu is 4-5 kg. Spread the seeds evenly on the border and cover them with burnt putty, cake fertilizer, etc. Then cover it with soil and straw. The sowing amount per mu is 5-7 kg. Spreading can make full use of land, but it is not convenient to manage. In addition, there are also on-demand programs in Nantong, Jiangsu.

3. Planting site management

Atractylodes macrocephala seedlings began to emerge 15-20 days after sowing. After the seedlings are unearthed, they should be pulled up in time. Plant spacing is 4-6 cm. If the weather is dry during the seedling growth period, grass should be spread between plants to prevent drought and reduce water evaporation. Conditional areas can be watered in the morning and evening to prevent drought. If bolting is found in the late growth stage, it should be removed as soon as possible to concentrate nutrition and promote rhizome growth.

4. Harvest and storage through planting.

Generally, it is harvested in the middle and late October of 10/0, but it should be harvested in the early October of1kloc-0/65438 at the latest to avoid losses caused by frost in the later period. When harvesting, the seedlings should be pulled up in sunny days, the soil should be shaken off, and the stems, leaves and fibrous roots should be cut off. When cutting leaves, be careful not to damage the main buds. If the main bud is injured, a large number of lateral buds germinate and the number of lateral branches increases, which will not only lead to poor planting shape, but also low yield. Don't cut the epidermis of the rhizome when cutting the fibrous roots. It is easy to get sick after the epidermis is damaged. In some areas of Jiangsu, the fibrous roots have all been uprooted, and the new roots are strong and strong. At the same time, pruning should be graded according to the size of planting, which is convenient for planting, and diseased and broken plants should be eliminated to reduce the loss during storage. Then put the planting frame on the ground in a cool and ventilated place for 3-5 days, and then store it after the skin is white and the water is dry, so as to avoid the loss caused by heat and mildew after storage. Generally, an acre of cultivated land can harvest 300-500 kg, and the height is above 500 kg.

The storage methods of planting vary from place to place, and a large number of plants in the south adopt the sand bank layering method. In a cool, dry and ventilated indoor mud floor, bricks or stones are used to form a rectangle with unlimited length and convenient width. First, spread sand or fine mud with a thickness of 3-4 cm on the mud, and plant it with a thickness of 14- 15 cm on it, then plant it with a layer of sand and another layer on the sand, so that it is better to pile it up every 30-3-4 cm, and finally cover it with sand with a thickness of 6-7 cm. And insert a straw bundle every 50- 100 cm in the pile to facilitate heat dissipation and dehumidification and reduce rot. In the north, the pit depth 100cm and width 65438 cm are generally selected in the shade, and the length depends on the number of plants. The technology is planted in the pit about 50-60 cm and covered with 3-5 cm soil. Later, as the temperature drops, it will gradually thicken, let it winter naturally, and dig and plant the next spring. During the storage period, a special person shall be responsible for the management, and the inspection shall be conducted once every 15-30 days. If a diseased plant is found, it should be removed as soon as possible to avoid rotten planting. If the buds germinate, they should be ploughed in time to prevent the buds from growing and affect the quality of seedlings. In addition, Sichuan Province once tried to plant in the open field without soil, but plowed the soil a little before winter and planted it while harvesting in the spring of the following year, which achieved good results.

(2) field planting

1. Land selection and preparation

Sandy loam with rich and loose soil, deep soil layer and good drainage should be selected. It is not suitable for planting in places with heavy soil and low terrain. It is necessary to avoid replanting Atractylodes macrocephala on the downhill or adjacent side where Atractylodes macrocephala was planted in the previous year to avoid bacterial infection in the soil. After harvest, ploughing should be done in time, and furrowing should be done after intensive tillage and fine harrow. The width of the border in Jiangsu and Zhejiang is 100- 160 cm.

Atractylodes macrocephala takes about 230-240 days from emergence to harvest. In order to promote plant growth and rhizome hypertrophy, it is necessary to have enough organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. According to the growth and development law of Atractylodes macrocephala in long-term production practice, drug farmers in producing areas summed up the experience of "applying sufficient base fertilizer, applying seedling fertilizer early, applying bud-picking fertilizer again and increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer". When turning the soil, apply 2500 kilograms of fence fertilizer per mu, and when planting, apply burnt mud ash 1500 kilograms, 50 kilograms of cake fertilizer and 50 kilograms of calcium superphosphate per mu. Adding "5406" bacterial fertilizer 100- 150 kg in some areas of basic fertilizer also has the effect of increasing production. After the seedlings are unearthed, in order to promote the early growth of plants and make their aboveground parts flourish, seedling fertilizer should be applied early in time,1000 kg; 10% human manure should be applied to each mu after the seedlings are completely cultivated; Top dressing again in late May, with human manure 1.500 kg or ammonium sulfate about 10 kg per mu; Before and after germination is the best time for plants to grow above ground, and it is also the time when underground rhizomes begin to hypertrophy. During this period, the fertility is strong, and it is necessary to "re-apply bud picking fertilizer". 5-7 days after bud picking, 75- 100 kg of decomposed cake fertilizer and 2000 kg of human excrement are applied per mu, and then 0. 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate or 2% calcium superphosphate leaching solution is sprayed for top dressing, which is beneficial to rhizome hypertrophy and is the key fertilizer for increasing production of Atractylodes macrocephala.

Step 2: Select an operation.

Usually after harvest and before planting. When harvesting, the planting quality and size should be stored separately while sorting out the planting. Plant 40-60 Jin per mu.

The planting season is sooner or later, because the climate and soil conditions are different in different places. In Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan and other places, it is generally planted from early February to late February of the following year in 65438. It is best to plant 65438+ in Zhejiang from late February to1early October. Due to the cold climate in the north, it is usually planted in the first half of April. The plant spacing is 2 1×26cm, and there are also18× 21cm; Jiangsu is 14×26cm, and there are also 14× 18cm and 18×26cm, but the number of seedlings per mu should be controlled at 12000- 15000. High ridge planting is adopted in the north, with ridge spacing of 50-85 cm and plant spacing of 7- 10 cm. The depth is about 5-7 cm, and the ridge surface is leveled with a flat rake and watered.

3. Tian Tuan management

There are many weeds in the field from May to June after the seedlings are unearthed, so weeding should be done frequently in the intermediate tillage. The first few intermediate tillage can be deeper, which can promote the growth of roots, and then shallow weeding can avoid damaging roots. After mid-May, the growth of plants entered the peak period, generally no longer intertillage, and weeds among plants were pulled out by hand. In mid-June, plants began to sprout. In order to concentrate nutrients, according to experiments, picking buds or not picking buds has a great influence on yield. Compared with not picking buds, picking buds can increase the yield by 60- 100%, and the product quality is better. Without bud, the lignification degree is high and the medicinal quality is poor. Bud picking is carried out at the beginning and middle of July, after budding and before flowering, and the buds are picked one by one. When picking buds, pinch the stem with one hand and pick buds with the other. Don't hurt the big leaves and shake the roots of plants, so as not to cause plant death. Bud picking should be concentrated to prevent the spread of pests and diseases. Atractylodes macrocephala should have enough water during the growth period, especially during the rhizome expansion period. If the weather is dry, it should be watered or irrigated in time to facilitate plant growth. Poor drainage or long-term water accumulation in the field is easy to cause diseases, so it is necessary to drain ditches in time to reduce the humidity in the field.

(3) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Rhizoctonia solani

Rhizoctonia solani. )

Yellow-brown lesions appeared on the roots of the affected plants, and then the lesions expanded into dark brown shrinkage depressions. In severe cases, the diseased plants fall down and die. Prevention and control methods: loosen the soil in time after rain to prevent soil hardening, do a good job of dredging and drainage, reduce field humidity and enhance disease resistance; At the beginning of the disease, 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution can be used to irrigate the roots.

2. Iron leaf disease

(Septolia, Atractylodes lancea, Yu et al.)

Also known as leaf blight. It began to happen in late April, and it was the heaviest in June-August. At the early stage of the disease, small yellow-green spots appeared on the leaves, which continued to develop and expand, connecting with each other into polygonal or irregular shapes, covering the whole leaves with iron black color, and finally spreading to the whole plant, causing the surgical plants to die in pieces. Prevention and control methods: after harvesting Atractylodes macrocephala, remove the fallen leaves of the residual plants and burn them to reduce the source of bacteria; Spraying 1∶ 1∶ 100 bordeaux solution at the early stage of the disease, and spraying 50% thiophanate or carbendazim 1000 times solution at the later stage for control.

3. White silk disease

(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. )

Also known as root rot. Zhejiang began in late April, and it became more and more serious from early June to mid-August, until September. The diseased plants have no obvious symptoms on the ground. With the increase of temperature and humidity, hyphae in rhizomes penetrate the soil layer and extend to the soil surface, forming milky white or beige, and finally forming brown sclerotia similar to rape. The top of the damaged plant withered and drooped, and the rhizome was fibrous and dry. Under the condition of high temperature and high humidity, it spreads quickly, leading to root rot and death. Control method: (1) rotate with gramineous crops, cultivate without disease, and disinfect with 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution; (2) Pull out the diseased plants found in the field in time, remove the soil from the operation site for centralized incineration, and sprinkle lime powder in the holes for disinfection; (3) Trichoderma harzianum can be used to treat the soil before planting to reduce the incidence.

4. Root rot

(Fusarium oxysporum. )

Also known as root rot. The overground branches and leaves of the diseased plant withered, the basal leaves gradually turned yellow, and finally died. In the early stage of aboveground diseases, root hairs and fine roots turn brown and dry, and then fall off in the later stage. After spreading to the rhizome, it is easy to pull up the plant, and brown spots can be seen in the transverse rhizome of the vascular bundle, which leads to the obstruction of the up-and-down transportation of the plant, weak growth and withering. After all the fibrous roots in the rhizome dry up and fall off, the rhizome becomes soft and the epidermis shrinks into dry rot. In severe cases, the roots become shell-shaped and the plants die. Control method: (1) Continuous cropping with gramineous crops (such as corn and wheat) for 3-5 years; (2) Choose disease-free planting, and pay attention to the preservation of planting during storage to prevent fever, dehydration and drying; Seeds should be carefully selected before planting, soaked in 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution for 5- 10 minutes, dried and planted; When planting, 5406 bacterial fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer, and 200-300 kg can be applied per mu; Should be planted when the soil has a certain humidity, to avoid planting in the case of dry soil; From March to April, combined with intertillage weeding, underground pests such as grubs and cutworms were controlled, and 40% dimethoate was sprayed every 10- 15 days for 2-3 times continuously to achieve the purpose of pest control and disease prevention; At the beginning of the disease, 50% carbendazim or 500 times Tobuzin solution can be given to the stomach.

5. rust

(Puccinia pedunculata. )

It happened in Hangzhou in early May, and the damaged leaves produced yellow-green micro-raised spots, which expanded into brown spots and later broke. Prevention and control methods: do a good job in field drainage to prevent water accumulation in ditches, reduce humidity and reduce the incidence; Clean the countryside, remove the diseased leaves of residual plants and reduce the source of the disease; 25% triamcinolone acetonide 1000 times can be sprayed at the initial stage of the disease.

6.safflower Myzus

(Matsumura)

Also known as cow dream aphid. It began to happen in March, and it was the most harmful from April to June. After June, the temperature increased, there were many showers, the insect population decreased, and it increased slightly in August. Later, due to unsuitable climatic conditions, winged aphids were produced and migrated for the winter. The leaves of severely damaged plants turn yellow, the plants shrink and grow poorly. Prevention and control methods: remove weeds at the edge of Atractylodes macrocephala and destroy the wintering place; Spraying 40% omethoate 1500 times solution during the growth period.

7. Atractylodes macrocephala. )

It harms the seeds of Atractylodes macrocephala, eats the fleshy receptacle at the bottom of the bud, makes the bud shrink and shrivel, and the seeds are eaten, so it is impossible to keep the seeds. Prevention and control methods: dig deep into the soil to eliminate the overwintering insect population; Paddy-upland rotation; Adults can spray 80% dichlorvos 800 times during spawning period.

Others are still harmed by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. , root-knot nematode disease, mosaic disease, southern dodder and black cutworm.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

Seeds.

The seeds of Atractylodes macrocephala can be selected by plants or thin slices, and plant selection can improve the seed purity. The mother plant should be strong, with few branches, large leaves and flat and large buds. It is advisable to choose 5-6 buds per plant. Removing the buds that bloom late or early makes the seeds grow and develop with nutrition, which is beneficial to improve the quality of seeds. The harvest season of Atractylodes macrocephala seeds is165438+1mid-October. On sunny days, dig up the plants and cut off the underground roots, bundle the aboveground parts into a bundle according to the type (not too big), and hang them upside down under the eaves to dry for 20-30 days to promote seed maturity. Then put it in the sun for 1-2 days. When threshing, beat the buds with bamboo pieces to make the seeds fall off, and make the fluff and shriveled seeds fall off. Don't sun in the future, otherwise it will reduce the germination rate of seeds. Finally, put the seeds into cloth bags or sacks and hang them in a ventilated and cool place to prevent rodents.

(2) Harvest

Generally, it is harvested from late June to mid-October when the stems and leaves of 65438+ 10 165438 turn brown. The dry matter of roots harvested prematurely is not fully accumulated, and the quality is tender, poor and the dry rate is low, which affects the medicinal quality; New buds germinate too late, which consumes nutrients and affects yield and quality. When harvesting, pick the plants on sunny days, knock off the soil, cut off the stems, and leave the roots for processing. The average yield of dry goods per mu is100-150kg, and the plant height is 250-300kg.

(3) Processing of Atractylodes macrocephala

It can be divided into sun drying and sun drying. Sun-drying Atractylodes macrocephala is called sun-drying and lasts for 15-20 days until it is completely dried. The dried product of Atractylodes macrocephala is called baked product.

At the initial stage of baking, the firepower can be fierce, and the temperature is generally controlled at around 100℃. When the steam rises, the surface of Atractylodes macrocephala begins to heat up, and then the temperature drops to 60-70℃ (until the bamboo curtain in the baking bucket is not hot). After 2-3 hours, turn the Atractylodes macrocephala up and down once and continue baking for 2-3 hours. The root of Atractylodes macrocephala is dry, and it is constantly turned to make the root fall off. Stack Atractylodes macrocephala in the room for 5-6 days, so that the internal water permeates to the surface, the rhizome becomes soft, and the size of Atractylodes macrocephala is separated. Bake for another 5-6 hours, turn it up and down once to heat it evenly, then continue to bake for 5-6 hours to 80% dry, pile it indoors for 7- 10 days, and then air it until it turns and makes a crisp "click" sound, indicating that Atractylodes macrocephala is completely dry. Do not use resin fuel such as pine and cypress when baking, so as to avoid blackening or inhaling volatile oil and other substances, which will affect the quality. In recent years, coal or briquettes have also been used as fuel for drying Atractylodes macrocephala.

Product specifications: dry, mud-free, rootless, oil-free and moth-eaten.