How many rhinos are there in the feet of a rhinoceros (scientific name: Dicerorhinus), which is the general name of the rhinoceros family of mammals, and there are 4 genera and 5 species. It is the largest Chiroptera in the world. Rhinoceros has short and clumsy legs, with a body length of 2.2-4.5m, a shoulder height of 1.2-2m and a weight of 2800-3000kg. The front and rear limbs are all three toes; The skin is thick and rough, arranged in folds at the shoulders and waist, and the coat is sparse and hard, even mostly hairless; The ears are oval, the head is big and long, the neck is short and thick, and the long lips extend; The head has solid single or double horns (some females have no horns), which originated from the dermis and can still be revived after the horns fall off; No canine teeth; The tail is thin and short, and the body is yellowish brown, brown, black or gray.

Habitat in lowlands or highlands above 2000 meters above sea level. Night activities, living alone or forming small groups. The living area never leaves the water source. Feeding habits vary from species to species, mainly grasses, or leaves, shoots, wild fruits, lichens and so on. The gestation period of female animals is 18- 19 months. Life span is 30-50 years. Because of the decorative and medicinal value of rhinoceros horn, it is caught in large quantities, except for white rhinoceros, which is an endangered species. Distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

September 22nd is World Rhino Day. In 20 10, "World Rhino Day" was founded by WWF- South Africa and has been widely accepted all over the world. The activity aims to pay attention to rare animals around the world.

How many rhinos are there in the feet of a rhinoceros (scientific name: Dicerorhinus), which is the general name of the rhinoceros family of mammals, and there are 4 genera and 5 species.

It is the largest Chiroptera in the world. Rhinoceros has short and clumsy legs, with a body length of 2.2-4.5m, a shoulder height of 1.2-2m and a weight of 2800-3000kg. The front and rear limbs are all three toes; The skin is thick and rough, arranged in folds at the shoulders and waist, and the coat is sparse and hard, even mostly hairless; The ears are oval, the head is big and long, the neck is short and thick, and the long lips extend; The head has solid single or double horns (some females have no horns), which originated from the dermis and can still be revived after the horns fall off; No canine teeth; The tail is thin and short, and the body is yellowish brown, brown, black or gray.

Habitat in lowlands or highlands above 2000 meters above sea level. Night activities, living alone or forming small groups.

The living area never leaves the water source. Feeding habits vary from species to species, mainly grasses, or leaves, shoots, wild fruits, lichens and so on.

The gestation period of female animals is 18- 19 months. Life span is 30-50 years.

Because of the decorative and medicinal value of rhinoceros horn, it is caught in large quantities, except for white rhinoceros, which is an endangered species. Distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

September 22nd is World Rhino Day. In 20 10, "World Rhino Day" was founded by WWF- South Africa and has been widely accepted all over the world.

The activity aims to pay attention to rare animals around the world.

Among the five rhinos, what is the history of human slaughter of rhinos? African black rhinoceros and white rhinoceros and Asian Sumatra rhinoceros have two horns, while Indian rhinoceros and Javanese rhinoceros have only one horn.

In the past, rhinoceroses were numerous and widely distributed, especially black rhinoceroses, which once spread all over sub-Saharan Africa. Due to people's killing and overfishing in recent years, the number of rhinos in Africa has decreased sharply.

The main thing is to shoot rhinos with its horns. Rhinoceros horn is a precious medicinal material, and it can also be used to carve various exquisite handicrafts.

Others such as rhinoceros skin and rhinoceros blood can also be used as medicine. It is generally believed that Indian rhinoceros horn is superior, but because the number of Indian rhinoceros is small and protected, 90% of the rhinoceros horn noodles sold now are African rhinoceros.

At present, there are about 14000 to 24000 rhinos in Africa, and there are only about 2000 rhinos in Asia. During the period of 1970- 1980, about 90% rhinos in Kenya, Uganda and northern Tanzania died because of war and hunting.

According to official statistics, from 1970 to 1976, the total weight of rhinoceros horn transported abroad from East Africa was nearly 24 tons. This shows that about 8,300 rhinos have been killed, and this figure does not include the number of poaching.

Since 1970, * * Yemen has become the country that imports the most rhinoceros in the world. According to Yemen's statistics, during the eight years from 1969 to 1977, the country imported 25 tons of rhinoceros horn.

In Yemen, rhinoceros horn is mainly used to make the handle of traditional machetes. This Dao is worth $ 300- 1300.

The value of rhinoceros horn surged from $34 per kilogram in 1970 to $675 per kilogram in 1979. According to the statistics of IUCN, there were at least 18000 rhinos in Kenya in 1969, and only 1500 rhinos remained in 1979.

From this point of view, strict measures must be taken to protect rhinos now, otherwise they will become extinct.

Are there any records of horns in Historical Records? It has a long history, and its origin is closely related to the activities of primitive hunting wizards.

In China, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong and other places, pottery horns used in the Neolithic Age have been unearthed. A ceramic horn unearthed in Jingjiabao, Hua County, Shaanxi Province, belongs to the bottom ditch type of Yangshao Cultural Temple, and its shape is similar to that of a horn. The total length is 42 cm, the inner diameter of the tuyere is 1.8cm, the inner diameter of the bell mouth is 7.4 cm ~7 .6 cm, and the wall thickness is 0.8cm ~ 1cm.

Although the mouthpiece of this ceramic horn is very thin, it can still blow out a lot of sound. This kind of pottery horn appeared after horns and other animal horns were widely used.

In prehistoric times and Xia and Shang dynasties, horns and ceramic horns were used as signal instruments. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, horns were used in military ceremonies and percussion instruments. Besides the natural horns of animals, horns made of bamboo, wood, leather and copper also appeared.

It can be seen from the Map of Advocating Bands in the Han Dynasty that the horns used in the Han Dynasty are very large, and they are not natural horns such as horns, but artificial horns. Ancient horns were first used by ethnic minorities and were closely related to animal husbandry and hunting life.

There is a cloud in Guangxu's "Car Service Instrument System" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "The horn was not carried by the former ministers, or it originated in Hu Qiang to scare the horses, or it originated in wuyue." (Quoted from Beitang Bookstore).

"Tongdian" also has: "Corner, the company does not carry it, Ma Rong is out of wuyue." .

Is there a rhinoceros horn tiger charm in history? The curse of no tiger first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and prevailed in the Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties.

Judging from the unearthed cultural relics, there were gold-plated tiger charms in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and tiger charms after the Warring States Period were generally made of bronze. As a proof of the monarch's transfer of troops, the tiger symbol is engraved with an inscription on the back, which is divided into two halves. The shape and inscription of the two halves are the same. The right part is stored in the king or court, and the left part is given to the general or local governor. Together, it becomes a token of the soldiers.

There are tenons and mortises on the back of the two halves of the drum, which correspond to each other one by one, just like unlocking with a key. Only the rollers belonging to the same group can be combined together, and it takes two halves to verify the authenticity. This is the origin of the word "conformity"

Therefore, the drum has always been a special symbol, one symbol in one place, and it is absolutely impossible to mobilize the troops of two places at the same time with a military symbol. During the Warring States period, the bronze tiger festival "Hanjiang Shuxin Festival" was engraved with the cross "Hanjiang Shuxin Festival", which was the token and voucher for sending troops into the customs at that time.

Are there any records about horns in Historical Records? Study on the history and collection of rhinoceros horn, like other horns, teeth and bones, is the most solid part of animals, and the decorations or utensils made of it are beautiful and durable, which are deeply loved by people.

In addition, rhinoceros has become an endangered animal, so rhinoceros horns are becoming more and more precious, and works of art made of rhinoceros horns are even more valuable. So when did the ancients know about rhinoceros horn? How to use rhinoceros horn and develop it into a work of art will be discussed in this paper.

First, the origin of rhinoceros horn art (1) The use of rhinoceros horn has a long history. Archaeological excavations have confirmed that as far back as the Neolithic Age, utensils made of animal bones, teeth and horns were shared with stone tools, wood products and pottery. About 7000 years ago, more than ten ivory products, a large number of bones, cattle, horns and other products, as well as five rhinoceros remains were unearthed in the Neolithic cultural site in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang.

Among them, Chenguang double-bird-pattern ivory butterfly carving device and Chenguang double-bird-pattern conjoined bone carving dagger are all decorated with carving patterns, with smooth lines and harmonious and delicate composition, which are out-and-out works of tooth bone carving. The through-carving ivory combs, tooth combs, turquoise bone carving tubes and horns unearthed from Dawenkou cultural site show us the artistic achievements of tooth bone carving 5000 years ago.

There are 1928 cultural relics unearthed from the Fu Hao Tomb in Yin Ruins of Shang Dynasty, including 567 dental bone products. The two most representative ivory cups inlaid with turquoise are ancient masterpieces.

Several works of art unearthed in the tombs of the above sites are ivory products familiar to Chinese cultural relics workers. Along with these artworks, horns, horns and antlers were unearthed. Perhaps it is because these horns are not as expensive as ivory today and have no artistic value. However, these horns written in the excavation report, like the ivory treasure mentioned above, prove the history of ancestors using horns.

(2) Ancient wine vessels could not be separated from the angle. As early as the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, China recorded the use of rhinoceros horns to make swallows. The Book of Songs is quoted from the Record of Cold Poems: "The water is full, mainly in the corner, with a capacity of five liters."

The Chinese Dictionary will be interpreted as "female rhinoceros" and "zi" as "ancient wine vessel made of horns". From this document, we not only know that it was originally made of rhinoceros horn, but also know its dissolution size.

There were bronze wine vessels in Shang Dynasty in China, from which we can imagine the shape of rhinoceros horn. There are many kinds of bronze wine vessels in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Besides wine vessels, there are also wine vessels, wine vessels and wine vessels with the word "Jiao" beside them. It is speculated that these words are "wine vessel", "wine vessel" and "wine vessel".

There is also a bronze drinking vessel called "Jiao", which gives us another message: the earliest drinking vessel used by primitive ancestors may be taken from the horns of animals. The color of rhinoceros horn is more beautiful than horns and horns. When ancestors used horns, horns and antlers, they should not give up using rhinoceros horns. On the contrary, they may make more use of it.

"Biography of Cold Poems": "Minister Taigong went to Yiqu and got a scary chicken rhinoceros as a gift." Hanshu: "Wei Tuo gave Wendi ten rhinoceros horns."

This shows that rhinoceros horn was a treasure of tribute emperors as early as Shang, Zhou and Han Dynasties. At that time, the wine culture was extremely developed, so it was logical to make fashionable wine vessels with treasures.

(3) War and the extinction of rhinoceros Today we can only watch rhinoceros in the zoo, because rhinoceros has long been extinct in our country. At present, rhinoceros mainly lives in tropical areas of Africa and Southeast Asia, and the number is very small.

Before Qin and Han Dynasties, rhinoceros existed in China, which was widely distributed, so it was easy for people to kill it. According to Oracle Bone Inscriptions's records, rhinoceros was hunted by Yin people in the Shang Dynasty three or four thousand years ago.

A Oracle Bone Inscriptions once said that the King of Yin captured 7 1 rhinoceros at a time. There is a "bone-killing dagger" in the National Museum. The inscription on it says that this dagger is made of rhinoceros bones presented by Wang Yin.

The bronze rhinoceros statues of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which we are familiar with, are vivid and dynamic, which is the most direct evidence that producers have had close contact with rhinoceros. The skin of rhinoceros is very thick, which can resist the attack of knives, arrows and other weapons. It is the best material for making shields and armor, and can be made into "rhinoceros armor".

In the Spring and Autumn Period, there were craftsmen who specialized in making rhinoceros armour. In Li Zhoukao, this kind of craftsman is called "literati". Years of wars in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period doomed the extinction of rhinoceros.

"wuyue in the Spring and Autumn Period" Gou Jian and Biography of Cutting Wu "are 30,000 people short today." The skin of rhinoceros is widely used. Due to the climate, the number of rhinoceros dropped sharply until it became extinct.

The wooden rhinoceros horn model unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan Province, implies that rhinoceros horn was scarce and precious at that time, and it needs to be replaced by a model. From hunting rhinoceros in Yin people's fields, to using its horns in Yin and Zhou dynasties, to taking its skin in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, to the disappearance of rhinoceros in China in Han dynasty, rhinoceros horns began to be introduced from Southeast Asia.

The existing rhinoceros horn artworks are handed down from generation to generation, and were first made in the Ming Dynasty. However, rhinoceros horn products before the Ming Dynasty have never been unearthed, which may be caused by the horny structure of rhinoceros horn, and it is easy to rot when buried underground. The book Gegu Yaolun, written in the twenty-first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, listed rhinoceros horn as one of the treasures, even as a symbol of rank by the rulers.

"Jade Fu Zhi in Ming History" records "jade, flower rhinoceros, honeysuckle and plain gold". Only officials with two products can wear official belts engraved with rhinoceros horns, which shows the noble status of rhinoceros horns. Second, the advantages and disadvantages of rhinoceros horn are influenced by many factors in the growth process, and the appearance color and size are different. These differences have become an important factor for people to judge the quality of rhinoceros horn.

Cao in Ming Dynasty made an incisive exposition on the advantages and disadvantages of rhinoceros horn. The sixth volume of Gegu Yaolun records: "The rhinoceros horn comes from southern Tibet, western Tibet, and also from Yunnan.

Just grow a big flower, and transparency is expensive. It is not good to plant a small plant with light weight and light flowers, but it can be used as medicine.

Its particles are similar to roe, called millet. There are eyes in the millet, called millet eyes.

It's called the mountain rhinoceros. All utensils should be moistened, as long as there are grains of rice and flowers.

Its color is black as paint, yellow as millet, transparent from top to bottom, and clear clouds and feet are better. Rhinoceros with a hundred shapes is the most expensive.

Those with heavy infiltration lines have yellow flowers in black, black flowers in yellow, or yellow in yellow and black in black. Those who have straight lines, yellow flowers and black flowers, and those who communicate with rhinoceros in ancient clouds are also expensive.

The flowers worn on the side are black with yellow, followed by flowers like peppers and beans, followed by dark colors. Those who are scattered and light in color are second.

A black rhinoceros is pure black without flowers, but it can play chess and is not very straight.

Why is rhinoceros horn so expensive? People often say that the "horn" in the four carvings of "bamboo and wood horns" is the rhinoceros horn.

Rhinoceros horn is one of the most famous carving materials for thousands of years. In ancient China, rhinoceros horn was very precious, and it was mostly a gift from one country to another.

It is recorded in Hanshu: "Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam, gave Wendi ten rhinoceros horns." It is recorded in "The Warring States Policy and Chu Ce" that the King of Chu "sent hundreds of chariots to offer chickens to fear rhinoceros and luminous jade to the King of Qin."

During the Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties, rhinoceros horn was not only presented to the emperor as a gift by foreign envoys, but also circulated among the people. The rhinoceros horn carving art has always been sought after by people and is regarded as a rare treasure in ancient artifacts.

Because the long-standing rhinoceros horn will be eroded, there are few finished rhinoceros horn products handed down at present. Rhinoceros horn carving has always been very precious, which shows that the raw materials for rhinoceros horn carving are also relatively valuable.

Rhinoceros horn carving is a symbol of identity and status, which has great artistic appreciation value and economic value. In addition, rhinoceros horn is a valuable medicinal material for clearing away heat and toxic materials.

At present, scientific clinical research has found that the role of rhinoceros horn is anti-cancer and also inhibits tumor growth. Studies have proved that rhinoceros horn can inhibit the growth of cancer, especially for patients recovering from cancer surgery. As a valuable Chinese medicine, rhinoceros horn is a famous cold medicine, which has the special effects of clearing away heart fire, calming nerves, cooling blood and stopping bleeding, purging fire and detoxifying; Modern rhino horn is also used to treat acute febrile infectious diseases, such as Japanese encephalitis and meningitis.

The economic value of rhinoceros horn is increasingly prominent because of its rare and peculiar medicinal effects. The incomparable and irreplaceable medicinal value of rhinoceros horn also improves the value of rhinoceros horn carving raw materials to a certain extent.

There are two kinds of rhinoceros horns: Asian rhinoceros and African rhinoceros. Judging from the current auction situation, the price of Asian rhino horn is about 8 times to 10 times that of African rhino horn. The price of African rhino horn is currently in 500 yuan per gram, which is more than twice the price of gold. According to the weight estimate, the price of this rhinoceros horn cup collected by China Zunhui International Auction Co., Ltd. is more than 654.38+10,000 yuan.

Medicinal rhinoceros horn This product is rhinoceros horn of rhinoceros family. Sexual taste and channel tropism are bitter, sour, salty and cold.

Entering the heart, liver and stomach meridians. Efficacy of clearing heat and relieving convulsion, cooling blood and detoxifying.

Clinical application 1, used for excess heat, excess heat, delirium, convulsion and convulsion in fever. Rhinoceros horn is cold and can clear away heat and soothe the nerves. Often taken with Scutellariae Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Fructus Gardeniae, Calculus Bovis, Borneolum Syntheticum, Moschus, etc., and made into pills.

It can be used for treating hyperpyrexia, rash, hematemesis and nosebleed caused by blood heat. 2. Rhinoceros horn can clear blood, separate heat and reduce fever, so it has a good effect on vomiting and macula caused by heat toxin burning blood, blood heat damaging collaterals and blood heat forcing. Often used with Paeonia Rubra, Cortex Moutan and Sandy.

High fever, syncope and macula caused by qi and blood can be used equally with gypsum and Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Rhinoceros horn is a drug that can clear blood blindly, clear away heat and detoxify. If it is combined with bezoar or antelope horn, it will clear the heart and soothe the nerves. Cooling blood with fresh rehmannia root, red peony root and peony bark to stop bleeding, and cooling blood with Folium Isatidis, Radix Scrophulariae and Rhizoma Cimicifugae to remove spots; Use forsythia, bamboo leaves, etc. , will clear the heart and detoxify; Gypsum, Anemarrhena rhizome, Scrophularia root, etc. It will cool and heat the serum.

Rhinoceros horn and Radix Rehmanniae can clear away heat and cool blood. Fresh rehmannia is good at nourishing yin and promoting fluid production, while rhinoceros horn tends to detoxify and soothe the nerves. Rhinoceros horn is mainly used to clear blood and divide heat, which is different from gypsum. But rhinoceros horn, like plaster, is very effective in treating qi and blood burns.

After reading the predecessors' prescriptions, I found that rhinoceros horns were widely used in the prescriptions, indicating that there were many rhinoceros at that time. Now rhinoceros has become a rare animal in the world, and the supply of rhinoceros horn is getting less and less.

Therefore, in order to protect the health of the broad masses of working people, we should look at this problem from a developmental perspective, that is, we must actively look for alternative drugs. At present, buffalo horn is used as a substitute for rhinoceros horn in clinic.

According to Bielu, buffalo horn can cure headache caused by cold and heat, and Daming Herbal Medicine says, "Decocting juice can cure heat, toxic wind and excess heat". According to the above, the effect of buffalo horn is similar to that of rhinoceros horn.

Journal of traditional chinese medicine quoted the investigation report of Tianjin Drug Administration as saying that a citizen in Tianjin had treated children with fever with buffalo horn for more than ten years, and the effect was good, so it was suggested to try it out clinically. Generally, the dosage of buffalo horn is from San Qian to five cents, and one or two to two ounces can be used for large-dose decoction.

If you grind it and swallow it, it costs 50 cents to 1 yuan each time.