Ivan sergeyevich Turgenev
Russian writer.
His life was1818165438+10. He was born in an aristocratic family in Oreal province on September 9th and died in Paris on September 3rd, 883. My father is a retired officer and my mother is a violent and willful landlord. I spent my childhood and adolescence in Spask Farm. 1827 moved to Moscow with his family. 1833 entered the Chinese Department of Moscow University, transferred to the Chinese Department of Philosophy Department of St. Petersburg University the following year, and graduated from 1837. 1838 Go abroad to study philosophy and classical Chinese at Berlin University. 184 1 year returned to China and worked in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the end of 1842, he met belinsky, and they forged a profound friendship, which had a profound impact on his life and literary career. At the beginning of 1847, he wrote several close-ups which were later included in the Hunter's Notes. 1moved to Paris in February, 848 and witnessed the bloody suppression of the workers' uprising by the bourgeoisie. He was very angry. 1850 Return to China. Nikolai Nikolai Gogol died in 1852. He published a mourning article, and the czar authorities detained him for one month for "violating censorship regulations". During his detention, he wrote the short story "Jiang Mumu" to protest against serfdom to express his will to persist in the struggle. Subsequently, he was deported to his hometown and continued to be under the supervision of the police. He was only allowed to return to Petersburg at the end of 1853.
draw
Turgenev began to write for modern people from 1847, and maintained close cooperation with him in the 1950s. Later, he left Modern People magazine because there were serious differences between his liberal views and the revolutionary democratic views of Chernyshevski, director of the magazine.
1863 and then lived in baden-baden. 1872 moved to Paris in February. In Paris, he kept close contacts with French writers such as Flaubert and Zola, and did a lot of work in publicizing and introducing Russian literary achievements to Western Europe. At the same time, he also made friends with Russian populists Lavrov and Krupotkin living abroad, and funded their publication "Forward". After his death in Paris, his body was transported back to China and buried in volkov Cemetery in Petersburg.
Turgenev's creative career began in college. 1834, he wrote his first poetic drama "stino", which has distinct romantic characteristics. The narrative poem balasa published by 1843 marks his transition from romanticism to realism. Belinsky saw the author's "unique talent" from this poem. Then he gradually turned to prose creation. The first prose work is the novella Andre Kolosov. Then he published the narrative poem The Landlord and the novella Bitu Skov, all of which showed the influence of naturalism and Nikolai Nikolai Gogol. He also wrote many plays, including Dinner, Banquet of the Noble, The Bachelor and so on. , mainly reflects the life and customs of the nobility. Novellas published in the early 1950s, such as Diary of a Redundant Man and Yakov Pa Sinkov. The play "January Village" reflects the contradiction between ordinary intellectuals and nobles for the first time.
What brought Turgenev great fame was his Hunter's Notes, which consisted of 22 close-ups and short stories. This book has a unified theme, that is, exposing and protesting feudal serfdom. Many of the characters written can be divided into two diametrically opposite categories: one is the peasant image described by the author from the perspective of "no one has ever been so close", and the other is the landlord image portrayed by the author from the perspective of hatred. The different attitudes and evaluations of the two types of characters clearly show the author's ideological tendency of humanitarianism and democracy. The poetic description of nature and lyrical narrative style in the works increase its artistic charm.
From the mid-1950s to the end of 1970s, this writer published six novels, which became the artistic chronicle of Russian social life from the 1940s to the 1970s.
Luoting is about the role of aristocratic intellectuals. Luo Ting, the hero, is an "unnecessary person" in life. The Noble House is also a novel about "redundant people". The protagonist Ralph Lenski finally resigned from the battlefield of life, which indicates the end of the historical role of aristocratic intellectuals. The Night Before is the first novel in which the writer turns to a "new person", an ordinary intellectual. Yelena, the heroine, pursues freedom and liberates a new female image. Father and Son focuses on Russia's own "newcomers". Father refers to the older generation of nobles, and "son" refers to the new generation of civilian intellectuals. The novel profoundly reveals the contradictions and conflicts between these two generations. Smoke reflects the nominal reform of serfdom. Virgin Land directly reflects the social movement of "going to the people" initiated by populists in 1970s. The author evaluates this movement from the angle of his own gradualism, and places his hopes on the reformist Salome.
Luo Ting Illustration
Turgenev's works include novellas such as Faust, Summer, First Love, Spring Tide and later prose poems.
Turgenev is a world-renowned Russian realistic artist in the19th century. His novels not only reflected the social reality of Russia at that time quickly and timely, but also were good at creating many vivid characters through vivid plots, appropriate words and deeds and descriptions of natural scenes. His language is concise, simple, accurate and beautiful, which has made important contributions to the standardization of Russian language. China began to translate and introduce Turgenev's novels as early as 19 17. Now, almost all his major works are translated into Chinese, and there are some representative works.
Ivan Sergeevich Turgeneve
Ivan sergeevich turgeneve was born in a noble family in Oreol province in central Russia, 18 18. His father Sergei nikolayevich was a moderate retired officer, and his mother varvara Petrovsky was a grumpy serf-owner. Turgenev spent his childhood and adolescence in his family's manor, Bath Dan Coe Lu Devineau. The domineering and violence of his mother left a dark memory for Turgenev as a teenager, and his father's gentleness impressed him deeply. Later, Turgenev wrote about his mother and father in Jiang Mumu and First Love respectively.
1827 Turgenev's family moved to Moscow. 1838, Turgenev went to Moscow University to study. A year later, he transferred to Petersburg University. 1837 graduated from the philosophy department of Petersburg University, majoring in languages. Turgenev 1838 went to the University of Berlin in Germany to study philosophy, and 184 1 year returned to China.
Even in college, Turgenev began his literary creation, wrote some poems and created the poetic drama "Stino".
1843 is a year of special significance in Turgenev's life history and creative history. This year, Turgenev published the long poem Parracha, which was his first large-scale published work. Turgenev got to know belinsky because of this long poem and was praised by belinsky. This is of great significance to Turgenev's life creation. As the writer later said, belinsky and his "A Letter to Nikolai Nikolai Gogol" were his "all beliefs". It was also in this year that Turgenev met the famous French female singer Polina Viardot, and maintained a close relationship with her and her family all her life, which is one of the main reasons why Turgenev lived abroad for many years.
1847, Turgenev published an essay "The Curiosity of Hall and Karine" in Modern People magazine, which was an unexpected success, so he wrote more than 20 such essays in Deep Stone, which had a great influence on society and literature. This is the later published Hunter's Notes, which brought Turgenev a great literary reputation.
At the same time, Turgenev also created a series of dramatic works, the most famous of which are Diners and January in the Country. These works, which were later called "lyric psychological dramas", were not Turgenev's major literary achievements, but the Russian drama world was in a depression at that time, so they did have some significance to fill the gap in that year, thus occupying a place in the history of Russian drama.
1852 When Nikolai Nikolai Gogol died, Turgenev published an article commemorating Nikolai Nikolai Gogol despite the ban of the authorities, and the authorities arrested Turgenev for "violating the censorship regulations". Turgenev was detained in Petersburg for a month and then sent back to his native Dan Coe, where he was taken care of by the local police for a year. During this period, Turgenev completed the famous anti-serfdom novella Jiang Mumu. 1853, he was allowed to return to Petersburg, and the progressive literary world held a welcome meeting for his freedom.
Since 1950s, Turgenev's creative focus began to shift to the field of novels. In a series of novellas, such as Diary of a Redundant Man, A Quiet Corner, Summer, etc., he first created the image of an aristocratic intellectual he was familiar with. In Russian literature, the special term "superfluous man" was widely circulated only after the publication of Diary of Extra Man. The appearance of Summer has attracted wide acclaim from critics, and a long article "Russia in a tryst" has been specially written for this novella, which occupies a high position in the history of Russian literary criticism. In this paper, Xia is called "almost the only outstanding work" in the literary world at that time.
Later, he used a larger form, that is, novels, to further deepen the theme of aristocratic intellectuals, and created the famous Luo Ting (1856) and Noble House (1859), which had a great impact on society.
In the early 1960s, Turgenev's creation reached its peak with Eve (1860) and Father and Son (1862). He transferred his brushwork from aristocratic intellectuals to civilian intellectuals, which showed the development trend of Russian society and conveyed the requirements of the times. The appearance of these two works has aroused great repercussions in society and heated debates, which is unprecedented in the history of Russian literature. During this period, Turgenev also created the novella First Love. In the late 1960s, Turgenev lived abroad for many years. During this period, he met many famous foreign writers, and had close relations with French writers such as george sand, Flaubert, Dude, Zola and Maupassant. He introduced Russian literature to Western Europe, especially Pushkin and lev tolstoy. In 1960s, he wrote the novel Smoke (1867).
Turgenev settled in France in the 1970s. During this period, he created a series of so-called "memory novellas" such as King Lear on the Grassland, Puning and Babuning, and Spring Tide. 1877, Turgenev published his last novel, Virgin Land.
In the last few years of his life, Turgenev, far away from the Russian motherland, wrote 83 prose poems on his deathbed, expressing his feelings in his later years. In a sense, prose poetry is a summary of Turgenev's whole life and art, which embodies the characteristics of his life creation: patriotism, democratic spirit, pessimism, sincerity and kindness; Keen, lyrical, philosophical and concise. It is not only a portrayal of Turgenev's personality, but also the crystallization of Turgenev's art; It is not only the resume of Turgenev's thoughts and feelings, but also the outline of all Turgenev's creations.
Turgenev died in Paris on August 22nd, 1883. According to the writer's living will, his body was transported back to Russia and buried next to belinsky's tomb in volkov cemetery in Petersburg.