Zhou Liang (Department of Architectural Environment Art, Shaanxi Xi Xi Academy of Fine Arts 7 10065)
The development time of modern design is only a short 100 years, and it has also experienced.
After many changes and school changes, how did modern design come into being and develop, and what will happen in the future?
In what direction should we move on? This article will make a brief discussion on this.
Modern design; Modernism; Style genre
1. Historical background of modern design
As early as the eighteenth century, the design activities were mainly handicrafts, and the design and production were often done by individuals independently.
There is no fine division of labor in the industry. The object of design service is only facing the upper class, and the design power has ended.
They are all controlled by the ruling class such as the monarch and the church, so it is inevitable to reflect the charming and artificial style in the design.
/kloc-baroque and Locke styles in the 0/8th century and Victorian styles in the 0/9th century are typical of this situation.
Keith. By the end of18th century, society was increasingly polarized, and industrial production and bourgeois ideology began to grow.
The scale is booming. Modern design is produced with the large-scale development of industrial production.
Judging from the long history of modern design, it has developed for more than one hundred years, but it has been until the Second World.
Until the end of World War II, its development was still limited to application, and few people engaged in theoretical research.
Less. The reason for this situation is very simple. The development time of modern design is still short, and it is an application.
Discipline, in many people's ideas, seems to have no need to study. Only in recent decades, now
The research on the history and theory of contemporary design has been paid more and more attention.
2. The concept and category of modern design
2. 1 Basic concepts of design
Design refers to a method of planning, planning, imagining and solving problems conveyed by visual means.
Activity flow. Its core content includes three aspects: 1, the formation of scheme and conception; Influenced by modern cities.
Marketing, social psychology, ergonomics, etc.) 2. Visual communication; (hand-painted
, computer production, model production, etc. According to the needs of specific circumstances) 3. Specific response after the plan is communicated.
Usage (closely related to the technical conditions generated by the design requirements). From a historical point of view, its definition also
Very simple, mostly focusing on the relationship between function and form. Such as the use function (purpose); Material technology
Conditions (basis); Design modeling (aesthetic conception). Modern design is also considered to solve functions and create markets.
Field, a means to change behavior, is not only a means to solve the problem between function and form.
Traditional design is different from modern design because of different factors affecting planning and conception. These two are the most
The fundamental difference is that modern design is closely related to industrial production and modern civilization, and it is a traditional design institute.
No. Therefore, modern design is the inevitable product of industrial mass production technology.
2.2 the category of modern design
The category of modern design is very extensive, involving architectural design, environmental art design and modern interior design.
Design, exhibition design, landscape design, etc. It also includes graphic design, industrial modeling design and advertising strategy.
Graphic design, fashion design, textile design, photography, film and television production and so on. Professional classification of today's design
More and more fine, many new design disciplines and categories are constantly derived, such as the design and production of street furniture.
Product design, jewelry processing design, film animation design, etc. With the development of time and the increasing demand of human society.
Dragon, there will be new design industries constantly emerging.
2.3 the attributes of modern design
Whether modern design should belong to engineering or art-centered liberal arts has always been a question.
High profile. The scope of design itself is very extensive and complex, so it is necessary to distinguish its attributes.
Its properties need to be determined according to different design types. For example, industrial design and architectural design have the same engineering technology.
Art is closely related to engineering, while graphic design, interior design and advertising design are more beautiful.
The expression of feelings is closely related, so it should be inclined to liberal arts.
Art, as a pure artistic activity, is a relatively personalized expression process of artists, a catharsis and expression of self-emotion.
Performance process, and design category is more performance for the process of serving others. The former is for me.
The latter is for others, for society and for the market, and there are certain differences in the attribution of service objects.
Although both engineering design and art design belong to the big concept of "design", there are essential differences.
. Engineering design is to solve the relationship between things in man-made objects, and it is also the coordination problem between objects themselves. Ruqi
The relationship between clutch and throttle; And art design is to solve the relationship between man-made things and people, and it is the relationship between people and things.
The coordination problem between them. Such as the beauty and comfort of the car. Only in this way can we distinguish between engineering design and artistic design.
It is not difficult to define the conceptual attributes of. The design concept in this paper belongs to related art design.
Concept category.
2.4 Universal performance of modern design
Modern design is universal all over the world. In today's society, people communicate in a basic way.
There are two kinds: one is the direct communication between people through language and body movements, and the other is the direct communication between people through communication.
A large number of common signs, advertisements, charts and general products are exchanged, which is more common, such as the whole world.
The design of international airports in the world is relatively close; Computer windows and computer keyboards are basically the same all over the world;
All soft drinks are basically the same in packaging design and opening method, and so on. All these fully reflect the design.
It has a great role in promoting communication. It is precisely because of the role of design that the world is getting closer and closer, and people.
The communication between children is becoming easier and more convenient, which also promotes the concept of "global village" to emerge as the times require.
3. Bauhaus and the great influence of modern design education
3. 1 Bauhaus
Design education in most countries is based on the Academy of Fine Arts. But the early ones
The design education of science and engineering is carried out separately. The most famous one is Bauhaus, which was founded in Germany 19 19.
The School of Design, the first school in the world to develop design education, is unprecedented.
A major reform of design education. This college was founded by the famous German architect and theorist Gropes.
During this period, it experienced two school relocation (Weimar, Deshao) and the replacement of three principals (Gropes, Hans Mai).
Yeah, Misvandro), until 1933 was forcibly closed by the Nazi government. The packet size can be obtained from the time period.
School of Design (1919-1933) existed in World War I (1914-19/kloc-8).
And the second world war (1936- 1945). Although the time is not long, it is very important for modern design.
The influence of education is immeasurable.
3.2 Modern Design Education
Bauhaus's great contribution to modern design education is mainly manifested in: emphasizing standardization and collective work.
Type, emphasizing the scientific way of working, the education center from the outside to the inside to solve problems, and create a variety of
Studio, create basic courses, innovate ergonomics and so on. Its creation really gives modernity.
This design has laid a solid foundation.
Modern design education and modern design basically started to develop at the same time. At present, by constantly developing their own systems,
The discipline began to progress and the teaching direction began to be clear. But modern and even today's design education
Still inseparable from the creation and contribution of Bauhaus.
4. The content and essence of modernist design are very representative figures.
4. 1 Three basic elements of modernism:
Negative attitude towards tradition: it denies that the previous design only aimed at the form of royal power, church and aristocratic service, and
It denies the traditional ideas and working methods to a great extent; Emphasize that design should have a strong sense of the times: everything
Design works can reflect the strong spirit of the times; The change of thinking mode of design service object: modern design
The change of the service object of the scheme also determines the great reversal of its thinking mode, and the design is no longer luxurious and artificial.
As an aesthetic standard, works have turned to a practical and generous aesthetic trend.
4.2 The first generation of modernist design masters
The first generation of representative modernist design masters are:
A) Gropes: He opposes stylism and emphasizes design for the people;
Miss Vandero: He advocates the design concept of "less is more", and the subtraction design is also his.
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Admire;
C) le corbusier: "The beauty of machinery" is the design technique he has been pursuing all his life, and "Langxiang Church" is it.
Famous representative works. Later, he became a representative of barbarism, a branch of internationalism.
E) Wright: Pursuing style all his life and designing for the rich can't really represent modern masters in a sense.
All the spiritual essence of just architecture.
As the first generation of modernist designers, these masters have contributed to the development of modern design, but
Because of the outbreak of World War II, these designers had to make new choices. End of world war ii
After that, a large number of Bauhaus teachers and students moved to the United States, including the first batch of modernist designers.
Children, they combine with the affluent society in America, and finally develop the influence of Bauhaus into a new design style.
-Internationalist style. Therefore, it can also be said that the internationalist style is the development of post-modernism.
5. The decline of modernism and internationalism.
After World War II, the internationalist design developed from Bauhaus in Germany became a western country.
The main styles of home design were all the rage in 1950s and 1970s.
Internationalism is the development of modernism after the war, and it comes down in one continuous line from the design style, no matter before the war.
Modernism and post-war internationalism are simple, anti-decorative, functional and highly rational.
And the characteristics of systematization. Influenced by the internationalist designer Smith, "Less is more", in the second half of 1950s.
Development is represented by reductionism in form, and in order to realize the basic principles of reductionism design, it begins to do the opposite.
The basic principle of anti-modernist design only maintains and exaggerates the characteristics of modernism in form. So subject to
To post-modernism (high-tech style, deconstruction style, neo-modernism style, "pop" style)
Challenges and attacks are also being cleaned up.
6. Future development trend of modern design
6. 1 designer's exploration and the development law of "negation of negation"
Many designers want to know what is the latest and most fashionable practice at present. I think from the perspective of development history.
The angle is "you can't see the forest when you see the wood". You just blindly pursue form, don't understand the context of development, and are only interested in design.
It is not advisable to take it out of context and have a little knowledge. From a certain point of view, design is also a double-edged sword, which is destroyed at the same time of construction, and often there will be many "constructive failures"
And the tragic situation of "backward development". Therefore, only a comprehensive understanding of the development and evolution of the whole design history.
The process of judging whether your behavior is accurate can only be "open" by "carrying forward the past".
A person who forgets his own nation and country can't be a competent designer.
Starting from modernism, it traces back to the development process of neo-modernist design with the same connotation and different details.
It basically conforms to the law of "negation of negation" of philosophical dialectics, and the development of modern design has a spiral feature.
This is a spiral rising and developing process.
6.2 looking to the future
Although the emergence and development of the new design movement school is unpredictable, it is basically maintained in modern architecture.
On the basis of modernism, diversified development is inevitable. As a designer,
Everyone bears the burden of history and should have keen insight and high professionalism. for
The development of modern design added fuel to the fire.