Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China's political democratization has made remarkable achievements. Especially in the past 30 years of reform and opening-up, our party has achieved a historic transformation from "class dictatorship" to "people's democracy", from centralization to decentralization, from "regulatory government" to "service government", from "national supremacy" to "social supremacy" and "citizen supremacy". Relying on their own strength, the people of China will never copy any ready-made political model, especially the western political model. They have begun to rebuild the political and social ideals of the people of China, cultivate and sort out the democratic value system that China is gestating and can lead the future, and realize the great dream of national democratic rejuvenation. Accordingly, the specific path of China's political democratization and related system design can be clear:
(A) the path choice of China's party politics democratization
The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China adheres to the political line since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and puts forward that more attention should be paid to improving the party's leadership style and ruling style to ensure the political ability of the ruling party to effectively govern the people. Pay more attention to the popularization and deepening of the concept of the rule of law, reach a consensus at the 18 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and enhance the party's ability and level of governing, building and governing the country according to law; Pay more attention to improving the democratic system, enrich the forms of democracy, and guarantee the legitimate rights of the people to carry out democratic elections, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision according to law; Pay more attention to the democratic participation and rights of ordinary party member, and improve the quality and level of political decision-making of the ruling party.
In the design of the political party system, the first is to reform and reorganize the central and local party committees at all levels, and establish an institutional system of decision-making, secretary implementation and supervision by the Standing Committee in accordance with the principles of separation, restriction and coordination. Second, establish an independent standing Committee system in party committees (and governments) at all levels. At least13 of the standing committee of the first-level party committee and government shall not be in charge of the business of any department, so as to dilute the power and interests of the department, effectively play the core role of the party's political leadership, and improve the quality and level of decision-making of the party and government. Third, learn from the advanced experience and system design of foreign political parties in power, and comprehensively innovate the inner-party democratic system. For example, on the basis of fully implementing the existing inner-party democratic system, explore the formulation of a law on political party activities and bring political party activities into the legal track; Implement the party member registration system, that is, register regularly in party member to strengthen party spirit and promote party member's ideological consciousness and behavior self-discipline; Innovate the election system of party representatives, give play to the role of ordinary party member and the party's grassroots branch secretary in the election of party representatives, give play to the role of party representatives when the party congress is not in session, and give play to the supervisory role of ordinary party member and the party's grassroots branch secretary; Implement the system of party member's participation in discussing the reports of party congresses at all levels, realize the discussion of representatives in the meeting and party member's discussion outside the meeting, give full play to the democratic participation role of ordinary party member in important decision-making within the party, and enhance the recognition of the party's line, principles and policies; Improve the inner-party democratic decision-making system, inner-party criticism and self-criticism system, accountability system, obligation guarantee system, honesty and self-discipline system, etc. On the basis of democratic centralism, we should change the phenomenon of excessive concentration of power within the Party in the past and give full play to the important role of ordinary party member in democratic leadership, participation and supervision.
(B) the path choice of democratization of the people's congress system
The people's congress system is the fundamental political system in China and the institutional basis of political democracy in China. Therefore, the democratic reform of the people's congress system is the key to China's political democratization and the fundamental guarantee to improve and improve the quality of democratic political life in China. First of all, on the development path of electoral democracy, it is suggested to stop the "pilot" and adopt the path of amending the law, directly by amending the electoral law, and push it forward in an all-round and orderly way when the time is ripe; Secondly, in the design of middle and high-level democratic elections and grass-roots elections, based on China's vast territory and the concept of universal suffrage, we should further improve the system of direct elections and indirect elections, gradually expand the election scope of deputies to people's congresses and government members at all levels, adjust the legal status of local administrative heads in a timely manner, explore the opening of institutional channels for local administrative heads to be directly responsible to local residents, and improve the quality and level of electoral democracy; Finally, in the organizational construction of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, explore the "three-level system" of upper, middle and lower levels. The House of Lords, or "regional courts" and "local courts", takes the coordination and balance of regional interests as the core, and is composed of equal representatives from provinces (cities, districts) and special administrative regions, so as to solve the increasingly prominent major decision-making problems such as macro-allocation of national resources, balanced regional development and benefit-sharing mechanism, and further give consideration to national interests and local interests. China Institution, or "Sectoral Institution", is composed of sectors and professional opinions. It tries to incorporate the political consultative conference into the national decision-making system, so as to absorb the opinions and suggestions of various professions, professional groups and all sectors of society, thus forming a consensus among all sectors in major national decisions, and then enabling national decisions to receive professional support; The House of Commons, or "People's House" or "Citizens' House", is composed of ordinary workers from all fronts to absorb people's wisdom, integrate public opinion, improve people's livelihood, increase welfare, truly let people be masters of their own affairs, and ensure that people fully enjoy democratic rights at different levels from the system and system.
(C) the path choice of democratization of political consultation
According to the national conditions and the actual needs of future development, the development of China's political democracy needs to be driven by "two rounds", namely, electoral democracy and deliberative democracy. The key to developing deliberative democracy is to bring political consultation into the major national decision-making system. First of all, with the development of private economy, private non-enterprise institutions, two new organizations and grass-roots autonomous organizations over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, the power of "private sphere" is growing sturdily, and the "public sphere" adapted to the development of market economy has begun to take shape. Therefore, we should follow the principle of "carrying out activities vertically, representing the interests of sectors and practicing sector democracy", and reorganize the 34 sectors of CPPCC at present, that is, on the basis of respecting the tradition of CPPCC, re-set the current sector structure of CPPCC to solve the adverse effects caused by unreasonable sector setting in the operation of CPPCC. After the reorganization, the number of members from all walks of life will be composed of two parts: sectoral members and proportional members. Sector members are nominated and recommended by various sectors, and the number of sector members in each sector is equal; Proportional members are elected, and the number of proportional members is determined by various sectors according to the proportion of members. Secondly, when conditions are ripe, CPPCC will be incorporated into the major national decision-making system and transformed into the House of Representatives (see above).
(D) the path choice of democratization of government management
The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the idea of administrative reform with the comprehensive transformation of government functions as the core. In the reform of administrative system and the transformation of government management, the scientific concepts of "top-level design", "overall consideration" and "systematic promotion" are highlighted, and the reform from planning to market, from rule of man to rule of law, from centralization to decentralization, from control to service, and from tradition to modernization is actively and orderly promoted, which shows the determination and courage of the new central leadership collective. However, just as China's economic system has been transformed from planned to market for decades, the systematic transformation of central and local governments from "regulatory government" to "service government" will also be a long-term and arduous task. It is necessary for the whole country and the whole party to give full play to the spirit of reform and innovation, break through the shackles of tradition, interests and cultural barriers, make bold efforts, overcome difficulties, get out of the "deep water area" of reform, and make progress for the economy, economy and culture. In view of the experience of Shenzhen and the central government in the reform of the "large-scale system", the ideas for the future innovation of the large-scale system and government management are as follows: First, adhere to the "top-level design", that is, carry out the overall design and system arrangement in one step according to the principles of separation, restriction and coordination of decision-making, implementation and supervision. The second is to formulate normative documents and rigidly stipulate the scale of governments at all levels. For example, it is more appropriate to set 19-2 1 department in the center, 13- 15 department in the province,113 department in the city and 6-8 department in the county. On the basis of perfecting the decision-making department, we should separate the executive agency from the independent agency and establish a new contractual relationship between them, so as to bridge the gap between departments, eliminate the disadvantages of bureaucracy and lift the fetters of departmental interests. The third is to establish an administrative supervision system with "the trinity of discipline, supervision and inspection" as the main body, and implement vertical and dispatch management methods to curb corruption and ensure the effectiveness of system supervision. Fourth, in the relationship between the central and local governments, scientifically allocate the relationship between the central and local governments, explore the institutional model of limited decentralization system on the basis of actively promoting decentralization, deregulation and empowering society, and fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the central and local governments. Fifth, in grass-roots management, based on the concept of public governance and the balanced allocation of basic public services, we should integrate and reorganize urban street offices and communities, explore the corporatization management of non-governmental organizations, implement the "big community" service model with supervision, arbitration and coordination as the core, and promote the formation of a diversified and multi-agent public governance pattern at the grass-roots level. Sixth, straighten out the relationship between the functions of the party and the government, and eliminate the overlapping of functions from the system, so as to reduce administrative costs and improve the quality and level of management, service and political leadership of the ruling party and government.