(1) The gradual integration of farming and pastoral cultures (farming culture and nomadic culture are fighting and negotiating with each other);

(2) Urban commercial prosperity (the pattern of traditional market system has been broken);

(3) colorful literature and art (the world of literati appeared);

(4) Extremely prosperous traditional science and technology (the model and peak of ancient science and technology in China);

⑤ Frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries (unprecedented opening and exchanges appeared in the heyday of Sino-foreign relations);