Outdoor artificial rock climbing emerged in the early 1980s. This rock wall is made of modern scientific and technological materials to simulate the shape of a cliff. Its appearance not only creates convenient fitness and training conditions for rock climbers, but also marks a new stage of rock climbing technology. Man-made rock walls are more thrilling, more difficult to climb and more flexible than natural sites. The fulcrum (gripper) and route of rock climbing can be set at will according to the level of the climber, which is very suitable for beginners and people with a certain foundation. The indoor rock wall is covered with rock points that can be changed at will. These artificial rock points have different shapes and sizes, so novices can choose larger rock points, and after mastering certain skills, they can choose those small rock points to increase the difficulty and exercise their arm strength. Active rock points can also change the climbing route. Of course, "step by step" is a smart decision, whether it is to choose rock walls, rock points or routes.
Of course, the earliest climbers were ancient humans. It is conceivable that they jumped up at a critical moment to avoid predators or enemies, thus achieving rock climbing.
The earliest record of human climbing was in A.D. 1492. French Charles III ordered the captain of Montelimard, Domp Julian de Beaupre, to climb an inaccessible limestone tower with a height of 304 meters. At that time, relying on experience and skills, they successfully climbed to the top with simple hooks and ladders. That mountain was later named Egil Mountain, and that climbing became the first recorded and equipped climbing activity in history. However, for hundreds of years, there has been no new human climbing record in history.
It was not until the middle of17th century that people's mountain climbing activities began to be re-recorded. Glacier terrain and snow-capped mountains have become the challenges that these early climbers took the initiative to meet, and their footprints are all over the Alps. At 1850, climbers have developed some simple climbing tools to help them cross rock walls and some glacier terrain. For example, shoes with claws and improved axes and wooden axes are the predecessors of crampons and axes.
In the Alps, there are others who try to climb mountains with their own bodies instead of relying too much on tools. 1878 Georg Winkler successfully climbed to the west of Valletta without using any tools. Although Georg Winkler used hooks and improved his shoes, he started climbing freely.
Competitive rock climbing
Rock climbing, as an extreme sport, eventually developed into a modern competitive sport. But at first, rock climbing was used for military training in the army, and it was not until 1974 that it was included in the world series. Rock climbing is simply the activity of climbing on the rock wall, but the actual operation is not that simple.
In international competitions, rock climbing is mainly divided into speed climbing and difficulty climbing. Among them, difficult rock climbing is a climbing competition to distinguish the advantages and disadvantages of players' achievements by the difficulty of climbing routes. The result of the competition depends on the height of the rock wall reached by the players within the specified time. During the competition, the players are protected by tethers below, climbed up with ropes, and hung up the middle protection lanyards in turn according to the competition regulations. The height of the rock wall in the competition is generally 15 meters, and the route is set by the route setter according to the level of the contestants. Speed climbing is to distinguish the advantages and disadvantages by time according to the specified route.
In addition to the above two climbing methods, indoor climbing should be the most familiar to urbanites. Indoor rock climbing is to set up artificial rock walls with different angles and difficulties in a big room, on which many rock points of different sizes are installed for people to climb with the help of limbs.
Although there are safety protection devices, such as ropes and iron ropes, participants are not allowed to use them in rock climbing competitions. Athletes can only use their hands and two pedals to grasp the fulcrum, corner or crack protruding from the rock surface and climb upwards. This sport is extremely exciting because it requires courage and climbing skills. Therefore, people often regard this sport as "rhythmic gymnastics on the cliff" and "rock wall ballet".
Principles of rock climbing
Unlike some endurance sports, rock climbing does not require the continuous movement of large muscle groups. It seems arbitrary. However, in the actual operation process, rock climbing has many requirements for climbers.
There are some basic principles that can be provided to all climbers. First, smooth hands and feet can make you move smoothly; Second, balance, sensitivity and softness are more conducive to climbing; Third, in the process of rock climbing, endurance is far more important than strength; Fourth, rock climbing depends on the climber to put the weight on his feet, which is much better than pulling up his body with his arms. The best situation is to complete the climb with the least effort. Fifth, try to stay relaxed. Relaxation is very helpful to save energy. Many climbs are intuitive, and a relaxed mind can move naturally.
Of course, people need to know some basic skills before climbing. Warm-up is very important, and it is easy to get hurt if you omit this step. The best way to warm up is jogging 10~ 15 minutes. If it is outdoor rock climbing, there is no spacious runway near the rock wall in most cases, but the climber can run in the same place with his knees as high as possible, plus jumping and kicking. This can avoid muscle strain in the next climbing process.
In addition, you can practice your sense of balance by holding stones. There is not much difference between bouldering and rock climbing. Generally speaking, the height of rock climbing is about 20 meters, and bouldering is limited to 6 meters. In this way, the bouldering is not protected by ropes, safety belts and quick-hanging equipment, but only a 30-50 cm thick sea mat is laid under the climbing wall to prevent the players from falling. A pair of hiking shoes and a magnesium powder bag can meet the needs of climbers without accompanying safety equipment. Being able to return to the ground at any time is the advantage of bouldering, but you should also be careful not to hurt your ankle.
Difficult rock climbing
The birth and development of climbing difficulty level is mainly to meet the needs of regional exchanges and competitions. If a climber comes to a strange climbing place, he needs to have a general idea of the overall difficulty in order to effectively choose the area that suits him. On the other hand, the difficulty level also allows players to accurately measure their own strength, compare their own ability with general standards, and thus determine the training direction.
The determination of the competition route level can also make the competition more open to players and spectators. In the 1950s, American rock climbers classified peaks and rock walls into six grades according to their steepness and difficulty in climbing:
Grade 1 is walking in parallel;
Level 2 is hiking through the terrain;
Level 3 is a steep mountain road, which hardly needs protection;
Level 4 is rope may be necessary); In order to protect this mountain;
Level 5 is technical rock climbing, which belongs to our rock climbing category;
Level 6 is directly assisted climbing.
Corresponding to American standards, Britain and France also have their own standards. The international rock climbing community has integrated and compared this, making the world communication more convenient. At present, it is generally believed that 5. 12 athletes are at the middle level, 5. 13 athletes enter the advanced stage, and the top athletes have the strongest climbing ability of more than 5. 14.
For rock climbers, the level of the most difficult route in the world has been slowly but constantly improving, and the unattainable route has been constantly becoming rock climbing, which is exactly the goal of rock climbers.
skill
Physical requirements for rock climbing
Although rock climbing does not require athletes' body shape as high as basketball, volleyball and throwing, it also has its own obvious characteristics. In rock climbing competition, height and arm length will have obvious advantages when the fulcrum spacing is large. In addition, weight can also reflect the fullness of the body to a certain extent. Excessive weight will directly destroy the flexibility of rock climbing, increase the inertia of the body and all parts, and thus reduce the ability of muscle contraction. Therefore, climbers must have a corresponding weight proportional to their height in order to achieve twice the result with half the effort. The best weight of the climber = (height-1 10)×90%.
Basic points of rock climbing
Grab, grab the protruding part of the rock with your hands.
Dig, dig the corners, gaps and edges of rocks by hand.
Pull, under the premise of grasping the firm fulcrum at the front upper part, stick the forearm on the rock wall and dig stone crevices or other terrain.
Push, use the rock mass or object on the side or below to make the body move with the strength of the arm.
Zhang put his hand into the gap, bent his palm or fingers to open, and grabbed the gap in the rock as a fulcrum to move his body.
Pedal, support the body with the pedaling force on the inside of the forefoot or toes, and reduce the burden on the upper limbs.
Cross, use your own flexibility, avoid difficulties, and seek favorable support.
Suspend, suspend the rock with your toes or heels, keep balance and let your body move.
Step, step on a bigger fulcrum with the front of your foot to reduce the burden on your upper limbs and move your body.
Types of rock climbing
Up to now, rock climbing has developed into three sports types:
1, climb the cliff. This is very popular in Asia, Europe, America and Japan, because it is a basic skill that climbers must master, thus attracting a large number of mountaineering and rock climbing enthusiasts.
2. Leisure rock climbing (or rock climbing). In fact, rock climbing is the expansion and extension of rock climbing, which is more dynamic and practical.
3. Artificial rock climbing. Since 1980s, it has been popular all over the world. Because it is inconvenient to climb natural rock walls, people begin to develop artificial rock walls in densely populated and noisy urban areas, most of which are used for competitions.
Rock climbing equipment is a part of rock climbing, which is the safety guarantee for climbers, especially in natural rock climbing. So take good care of the equipment and keep it properly. Rock climbing equipment is divided into personal equipment and rock climbing equipment.
Personal equipment refers to safety belts, descenders, safety iron locks, lassos, helmets, hiking shoes, magnesium powder and powder bags.
Seat belts:
The safety belt used for rock climbing is different from that used for rock climbing. It belongs to special use and is not suitable for climbing, but the safety belt for climbing can be used for climbing. Most climbers in China use seat belts, because there is no seat belt manufacturer in China, and climbers are often climbers, so the two kinds of seat belts are mixed.
Descending device:
8 ring downlink is the most commonly used downlink.
Safety iron lock and lasso:
Used for self-protection at rest or other operations when climbing.
Safety helmet:
A small stone falling on the head may cause great danger to life. Therefore, the helmet is a necessary equipment for rock climbing.
Rock climbing shoes:
It is a kind of special shoes with great friction, which can save a lot of physical strength.
Magnesium powder and powder package:
When your hands are sweating, put a little magnesium powder in the powder bag so that your hands will not slip immediately.
Rock climbing equipment refers to ropes, chains, lassos, rock cones, rock hammers, rock wedges and sometimes hanging tents.
Rope:
Rock climbing generally uses the main rope of φ9- 1 1mm, preferably 1 1mm. ..
Iron locks and lassos:
Connect the protection points and protect the necessary equipment for climbing below.
Rock cone:
Protective devices made of various conical, nail-shaped and plate-shaped metal materials fixed on the rock wall can use different shapes of rock cones according to different cracks.
Rock hammer:
A tool used to nail stone hammers.
Rock wedge:
A fixed protective tool, which has the same function as a rock cone but can be carried at any time.
Hanging tents:
When preparing to spend the night on the rock wall, the night sleeping tent must be fixed and protected by ropes through fixed points and hung on the rock wall.
Other equipment includes backpacks, sleeping covers, cookers, stoves, knives, lighters and other appliances, depending on the scale, duration and personal needs of the event.
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