Treaty of nanking was originally called the Peace Treaty of Ten Thousand Years by the Qing court, and later called the Jiangning Treaty and treaty of nanking, which was the first unequal treaty in China's modern history. The agreement was signed on August 29th, 1842 by Jiao Ying, an imperial envoy of the Qing government, and Pu Dinghui, a British representative, aboard the HMS Gaohuali anchored on Xiaguan River in Nanjing, marking the end of the first Opium War. ?

Ceding Hong Kong Island; Compensation to Britain for opium prices, commercial debts and military expenses * * * 21000000 silver dollars; Trade with the five ports, opening Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, allowing British people to live and send consuls; For the agreed tariffs, British businessmen have to pay import and export taxes and reimbursement fees, and China Customs has no right to be immune; Abolish the public banking system and allow British businessmen to trade freely in China.

In addition, it also provides for equal exchanges between officials of both sides, the release of soldiers and civilians of the other side and the withdrawal of British troops. ?

Treaty of nanking destroyed China's territorial integrity and tariff sovereignty, facilitated British exports to China, and made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. After the treaty of nanking was signed, western powers took advantage of the fire to rob the Qing government and forced it to sign a series of unequal treaties, which further violated China's sovereignty, destroyed China's natural economy and accelerated the decline of the Qing Dynasty.

2. Beijing Treaty

Including 1860 The unequal treaties signed by the Qing government and Britain, France and Russia in Beijing after the Second Opium War, namely, the Sino-British Treaty of Beijing, the Sino-French Treaty of Beijing and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing. The Qing government appointed an imperial minister Yi? As a negotiation and signing representative.

These three treaties and conventions are now in Taiwan Province Province, and kept in Shuangxi Palace Museum on the outskirts of Taipei. The signing of this treaty further deepened the degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.

3. treaty of shimonoseki

It was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China and the Meiji government of Japan in Shimonoseki, Japan on April 1895. It was originally called Shimonoseki New Testament, and Japan called it Shimonoseki Treaty or Nissin Peace Treaty. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki marked the end of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The Chinese plenipotentiaries are Li Hongzhang and Li, and the Japanese plenipotentiaries are Ito Bowen and Lu Aozongguang.

According to the provisions of the treaty, China ceded Liaodong Peninsula (failed due to triple interference), Taiwan Province Island and its affiliated islands, and Penghu Islands to Japan, and paid Japan 200 million taels of silver. China has also opened Shashi, Chungking, Suzhou and Hangzhou as trading ports, and allowed Japanese to invest and set up factories in trading ports in China.

Treaty of shimonoseki has benefited Japan enormously and stimulated its aggressive ambition. The national crisis in China is unprecedented, and the degree of semi-colonization has greatly deepened. The treaty met the needs of the imperialist powers to export capital to China, and then the powers set off a frenzy to carve up China.

4. Burning Yuanmingyuan

After the British and French allied forces captured Beijing in the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British troops occupied Beijing in the tenth year of Xianfeng in Yuanmingyuan, and they occupied Yuanmingyuan. China's defenders were outnumbered, and Wenfeng, the chief minister of Yuanmingyuan, committed suicide by throwing himself into Fuhai. Chang Ai, who lived in the garden, was scared to death. With the support of British Prime Minister palmerston, British military leader Elgin ordered the burning of Yuanmingyuan.

3,500 British and French troops rushed into Yuanmingyuan and set fire to it. The fire didn't go out for three days. Yuanmingyuan and the nearby Tsing Yi Garden, Jingming Garden, Jingyi Garden, Changchun Garden and Haidian Town were all burnt down. Among them, nearly 300 eunuchs, ladies-in-waiting and craftsmen were buried in the sea of fire. Turn this world-famous garden into ruins. The fire burned for three days and nights and became a rare atrocity in the history of world civilization.

5. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.

1900 On May 28th, the war of armed aggression included eight great powers, including the British Empire, the United States of America, the Third Republic of France, the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the Japanese Empire, the Italian Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The total number of United Nations troops invading China is about 50,000. Fully equipped, very powerful. August 1900, Beijing was completely destroyed. Anywhere in Eight-Nation Alliance, murder, arson and robbery! There are countless treasures stolen and robbed in the Forbidden City, Zhongnanhai and the Summer Palace!

Wade West, commander-in-chief of Eight-Nation Alliance, later admitted that the details of all the losses and robberies suffered by China would never be discovered, but this figure would be extremely important. 190 1 On September 7th, China was reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which brought unprecedented pain to the country and people at that time.

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