China's long history has created splendid ancient culture, and ancient buildings are an important part of it. In ancient China, many architects and masterpieces appeared, creating many palaces, tombs, temples, gardens, years and houses handed down from generation to generation.
1. Ancient architecture
China's long history has created splendid ancient culture, and ancient buildings are an important part of it. In ancient China, many architects and masterpieces appeared, and many palaces, tombs, temples, gardens, years and houses were created. China's ancient architecture is not only a reference for China's modern architectural design, but also has a worldwide influence and has become a world-renowned cultural heritage. Appreciating the ancient buildings in China is like opening a heavy history book. Vast ancient legends, the great achievements of Hanwu in the Qin Dynasty, the spirit of the Tang Empire, the misty clouds in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and the ingenuity of tens of thousands of laborers in Qian Qian are all recorded by its image.
2. Ancient wooden buildings
Generally speaking, the ancient buildings in China are mainly wood structures, supplemented by bricks, tiles and stones. From the architectural appearance, each building has three parts: upper, middle and lower. There is a roof above, a pedestal below, and columns, doors, windows and walls in the middle. Under the eaves above the pillars, there is also a component called a bucket arch, which is composed of wood blocks that are interspersed vertically and horizontally and stacked layer by layer. This is a unique part of oriental architecture represented by China. It can not only support the eaves, beams and ceilings in the house, but also has a strong decorative effect. Speaking of ancient buildings in China, we can't ignore the word "Dougong". Because of the various practices of past dynasties, it has become the most important basis for identifying ancient buildings.
3. Classification of roof types
There are many roof styles of ancient buildings in China. Respectively representing a certain level; The highest floor is the Ding Dian, which is characterized by four slopes and five ridges. It is also called Wuling Hall or Wudian. This kind of roof can only be used in royal palaces or temples. Next to the top of the temple is the Xieding Mountain, which has four slopes: front, back, left and right. Each slope has a vertical plane, so it has nine ridges, also known as Jiuji Temple or Han Temple and Cao Temple. This kind of roof is mostly used in buildings with important architectural nature and large volume. The second-class roof mainly has overhanging peaks (only the front and rear slopes and the left and right ends are outside the gables). Hard roof (also front and rear slopes, but the left and right ends do not protrude from the gables). And pyramid-shaped roofs (all the roofs handed over from the slopes are kept at one point) and so on. All roofs have graceful and soothing roof curves. Whether it originated from the ancient imitation of Chinese fir branches or other natural substances. This artistic curve is steep first and then slow, forming an arc surface. It is not only more uniform than a straight slope, but also convenient for the roof to discharge rain and snow reasonably.
4. Classification of ancient buildings in China.
From the architectural category, ancient buildings in China include royal palaces, temples, houses, tombs and garden buildings. Among them, palaces, temples and tombs all adopt similar architectural forms and overall layout, that is, symmetry and neatness, with clear priorities. All closed quadrangles are tied together by a central axis, showing a closed, rigorous and implicit national temperament or authentic Confucian style. Only garden buildings are different from this, with free and flexible layout and endless changes, and strive for natural atmosphere. When there are many traces of Taoist thought.
5. Compared with western ancient buildings
Compared with western ancient buildings, China's ancient buildings prefer wood in the choice of materials, which has been the case for thousands of years, and wood structure is the main structure. This structure consists of columns, beams and purlins. The joints between parts are combined with tenons and mortises to form an elastic frame. This combination of tenon and mortise has been found in Hemudu primitive social building site in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, indicating that it was formed more than 7,000 years ago. There are three main forms of ancient wooden structures in China. One is the well dry type, that is, the four-sided overlapping structure of logs or squares, such as the shape of a well. This is the most primitive and simple structure, which is rarely seen except in mountainous woodlands. Second, the "through bucket" adopts beams and columns, which is convenient for construction and the most earthquake-resistant, but it is difficult to build a large-scale attic platform, so this form is mostly used in southern houses and smaller halls and castles. The third type is "hanging beam type" (also known as overlapping beam type), that is, hanging beam on column, hanging beam on beam (short column) and hanging beam on column. This structure is characterized by increasing the width and depth of the building to meet the requirements of expanding indoor space, and has become the main structural form adopted by large palaces, temples, palaces, mansions and other luxurious and magnificent buildings. Some buildings also adopt the form of hanging beam and crossing bucket, which is more flexible and diverse.
6. Beam-column structure system
There is a folk proverb in China that "the wall falls down but the house does not fall down", which fully expresses the characteristics of the above-mentioned beam-column structure system. Because this structure is mainly supported by columns and beams, the wall only plays the role of spacing and does not bear the weight of the upper roof, so the position of the wall can be installed according to the size of the required indoor space and can be replaced at any time as needed. Because the wall is not load-bearing, the doors and windows on the wall can also be opened as needed, which can be large or small, high or low, or even open into empty windows, open halls or pavilions.
7. Characteristics of beam-column structure
Because the beam-column structure built by wood structure is an elastic frame, it also has a prominent advantage, that is, strong seismic performance. It can make huge vibration energy disappear at the nodes with strong elasticity. This is extremely beneficial to earthquake-prone China. Therefore, there are many wooden buildings in areas with severe earthquakes, which have been well preserved for thousands of years. For example, the wooden pagoda of Liao Dynasty in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province is more than 67 meters high, which is the highest wooden pagoda in the world. The Guanyin Pavilion of Dule Temple in Liao Dynasty in Jixian County, Tianjin is 23 meters high. These two wooden structures have been around for nearly a thousand years, or 1000 years. The latter experienced an earthquake of magnitude 8 or above nearby, and was hit by the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, but it is still safe and sound, which fully shows the superiority of the seismic performance of this structural system. This is one of the characteristics of ancient architecture in China.
8. The form of ancient architecture in China
The ancient buildings in China attract people's attention with their graceful and soft outlines and various forms, which is admirable. But this appearance is not arbitrary, but to meet the needs of internal structural performance and practical use. For example, a large roof with beautiful roof and upturned cornices has been formed to meet the needs of rainwater removal and shading, and to adapt to the conditions of internal structure. More than 2000 years ago, the poet described the shape of the big roof with the poem "Flying". In the column treatment of the main part of the building, the upper ends of the arranged columns are generally made in the form of inward inclination of the stigma, so that the "lateral foot" on the outer side of the column foot presents the form of small top and large bottom, and the height of the column gradually increases from the middle to the outside, thus showing the curve form of high outside the stigma and low inside. These practices not only solve the stable function of architecture, but also increase the beautiful curve of architectural modeling, and combine practicality and aesthetics properly, which can be said to be a good example of the unity of applicability and aesthetics.
9. The shape of ancient buildings in China.
The planes, facades and roofs of ancient buildings in China are rich and colorful, including square, rectangle, triangle, hexagon, octagon, dodecagon, circle, semicircle, sun, moon, peach, fan, plum blossom, circle and diamond. Roof forms include flat roof, sloping roof, dome, spire and so on. At the top of the slope, there are different types, such as fairy hall, inclined mountain, walking mountain, hard mountain, pointed mountain and crossing mountain. Others combine several different roof forms into a complex and changeable new style.
10. Building layout
The plane layout of buildings is an important factor that determines the form of a building, a group of buildings, a group of buildings, and even a village and a city. In ancient architecture in China, there are basically two ways of plane layout. One is majestic, neat and symmetrical, and the other is tortuous and flexible. Most imperial palaces, temples, tombs, official halls, palaces, mansions, religious temples, temples, ancestral halls, halls, etc. Take the former form. Its plane layout is characterized by an obvious central axis, with the main buildings arranged on the central axis and the foil buildings arranged on both sides of the central axis. This layout is clearly defined and symmetrical. Take the temples in Beijing as an example. On its axis, there is a shadow wall or archway in front, and then there is a mountain gate. Within the mountain gate, there is a front hall, followed by the main hall (or the Hall of Great Heroes), followed by the back hall and the Tibetan Scripture Building. Both sides of the central axis are arranged to set off the buildings, which are even and symmetrical. For example, there are side doors on both sides of the mountain gate, halls on both sides of the main hall, and corridors and halls on both sides of the rest of the halls. Craftsmen use baking clouds to support the moon and green leaves to support red flowers to contrast the solemnity of the main building. This kind of buildings, regardless of the number of buildings and the size of the building, generally adopt this layout. From one hall to two entrances, three entrances and even nine palaces, the huge Kyoto is such a law. This solemn, neat, symmetrical and foil-oriented way fully meets the needs of rulers and gods for lofty and solemn respect, so it has been passed down from generation to generation for thousands of years and gradually improved. The other layout is not uniform, asymmetric and adapted to local conditions. This form is mostly used in landscape architecture, residential buildings and mountainous villages and towns. Its layout method is flexible according to the mountains and rivers, geographical environment and natural conditions. For example, houses, even temples and official halls, which are located at the foot of the mountain and near the river, are always built near the river, layer by layer according to the mountain topography. This situation is most suitable for southwest mountainous areas, Jiangnan water network areas and places with more terrain changes. This layout principle has been used for thousands of years because it meets the needs of many ethnic groups in China with different natural conditions, different cultural characteristics and customs, and has a scientific theoretical basis. Chinese gardens are examples of flexible layout and twists and turns. The layout of cities and villages in mountain cities and water towns is also based on natural conditions and river networks. Due to the announcement of the land system, many practical and beautiful ancient town planning and architectural styles have emerged.
1 1. Colors of ancient buildings in China.
The colors of ancient buildings in China are very rich. Some colors are bright and contrasting, while others are harmonious and elegant. Architects choose to use it according to different needs and customs. Palaces, temples, temples and other buildings often use contrasting colors: red walls and yellow tiles (or tiles of other colors) set off green trees and blue sky, and golden color paintings under the eaves make the whole ancient building look particularly beautiful. Glazed tiles and colored paintings are two very important aspects to show the artistic features of ancient architecture in China.
12. Glazed tiles
Glazed tile is a very strong building material with strong waterproof performance, which is widely used in royal buildings and some important buildings. Glazed tiles are brightly colored, including yellow, green, blue, purple, black, white and red. Generally, yellow, green and blue are used more, and yellow is the noblest, which is only used in palaces, countries, temples and other major buildings. Even the imperial palace, not all buildings use yellow glazed tiles, and secondary buildings use green and green "edge ornaments" (edges). In palaces and temples, it is generally impossible to use all-yellow glazed tile roofs. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor allowed the Confucius Temple to use all yellow glazed tiles to show his exclusive respect for Confucianism. Glazed tiles can be divided into four categories: one is pipe tiles and slab tiles, which are used to cover roofs. The second is the roof decoration, that is, the decoration on the roof, including the owl's tail on the big roof, the animals hanging on the vertical roof, the animals on the roof and so on. The number of animals depends on the size and grade of the building. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were at most eleven and at least three. They are arranged in the following order: Crane Immortal is riding in the front, followed by dragon, phoenix, lion, unicorn, horse and so on. The third category is glazed tiles, which are used to build walls and other parts. The fourth category is glazed patterns, which have various stories of animals and plants, characters and geometric patterns, and are very decorative.
13. Cai Hua
Color painting is an important part of ancient architectural art in China. Today, we saw the doors and windows of Tiananmen Gate, the Three Halls of the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, the Summer Palace, the Lama Temple and other important buildings, especially the gold, red and green paintings under the eaves, which enhanced the color contrast of these sheltered components, and at the same time made the transition between the yellow and green roofs and the doors and windows of the scarlet pillars below, making the building feel more brilliant and gorgeous. This is indeed a very successful technique. Architectural color painting also has practical and beautification functions. The practical aspect is to protect wood and walls. In ancient times, there was a pepper house, that is, pepper was added to the paint, which not only protected the walls and beams, but also distributed fragrance to repel insects. The function of decoration is to make the inside and outside of the house bright and beautiful. In the early days, colorful paintings were painted on buildings, and various animals, plants and patterns were gradually painted. Later, it was gradually standardized and stylized, and it was not customized until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Color paintings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are mainly divided into two categories. One kind is completely patterned color painting, which is divided into greetings (mainly golden dragons and phoenixes), golden dots and golden dots, golden dots and ink lines, gold-cut ink, cigarette-cut ink, realgar jade and elegant five inks. They are all ranked according to the amount of money used and the main theme of use. The other is "Su-style color painting" (Su refers to Suzhou), which is characterized by drawing a large-scale baggage-like outline on the beam Fang, and drawing various landscapes, figures, flowers, birds, fish and insects, as well as various stories and drama themes on the baggage skin. There are also some ingenious color paintings. For example, the pillars of the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City are decorated with gold powder, and dragons are wrapped around them. The Empress Dowager Cixi Mausoleum in Zunhua Qing Dongling painted golden color paintings on nanmu beams, reaching the peak of resplendence.
14. Simple and elegant tones
Simple and elegant colors also occupy a very important position in the ancient buildings in China. For example, the houses in the south of the Yangtze River and some gardens and temples, with white walls and tiles, are fresh and beautiful. The earth walls, blue tiles or slate tiles of houses in the northern mountainous areas also make people feel quiet and comfortable. Even some royal buildings are deliberately pursuing this quaint and elegant mountain scenery. Chengde mountain resort, which was operated during the reign of Qing Kang Gan, is a prominent example.
15. Rich sculpture decoration
There are abundant sculptures in ancient buildings in China. Sculptures of ancient buildings are generally divided into two types, one is on buildings, or carved on columns and beams, or molded on roofs, beams and columns. Themes include figures, stories of gods and buddhas, birds and beasts, flowers and birds, fish and insects, etc. The theme of dragon and phoenix is more widely used. The material of sculpture depends on the building itself, including wood, stone, brick, tile, gold, silver, copper and iron. The other is the sculpture inside or on both sides or before and after the building. Most of them exist without buildings, and they are the preservation or appendages of buildings. Most of the sculptures in buildings are Buddhist temples and Taoist temples. Ancient architecture in China has made great achievements in the cooperation and coordination between architecture and environment, and has many brilliant theories and successful experiences. The ancients not only considered the coordination and coordination of the internal environment of the building, but also paid attention to its coordination with the surrounding natural environment. In the ancient architecture of China, there is a kind of "geomancy", that is, the study of Feng Shui. Although there are many feudal superstitions mixed in it, there are still many things worth learning from by eliminating its dross. Especially the terrain, wind direction, hydrology, geology and other parts are still of reference value. Architects and craftsmen in ancient China paid great attention to the surrounding environment when planning, designing and building, and made a detailed investigation on the surrounding mountains, rivers, geographical features, climatic conditions and forest vegetation, so as to adapt the layout, form, color and volume of the building to the surrounding environment. For example, when discussing the conditions for choosing the capital city, Guanzi emphasized that it is not at the foot of the mountain, but above Guang Chuan, where the high water is not close to drought and the low water is not close to waterlogging to prevent the province, because there are natural materials and favorable geographical conditions. As for mountain towns, castles, villages, temples, gardens, houses, etc. They also turn with the ups and downs of mountainous terrain, and the heights are scattered and suitable for deployment. Buildings along rivers, lakes and seas must be arranged according to the topography of tributaries of rivers in the harbor. Tombs of past dynasties paid special attention to topography and environment. The so-called "Long Mai" is to consider the surrounding terrain and geomantic omen for several miles, dozens or even hundreds of miles. Garden is an art that combines space and time, and the scenery changes at any time. For the relationship between the environment inside and outside the park, mutual cooperation is the most important. "Borrowing scenery" is a kind of expression technique of skillfully using the environment in gardening techniques. There is a chapter in BenQ's "Gardening and Metallurgy" about "borrowing scenery". He said: "The garden is good at borrowing ... Although the borrower's garden is different inside and outside, it has unlimited scenery." The distant peaks, pavilions and pavilions, as well as the scenery of trees and seamounts outside the park, can all be borrowed into the park to become a landscape. Scenery and scenery also learn from each other, and the apricot trees outside the balcony and wall can learn from each other to form a large environmental space.