Nepal has a long history and established a dynasty in the 6th century BC. Historically, Nepal, Korea, Ryukyu, Annan (Viet Nam), Sulu (Philippines), Myanmar, Nanzhang (Laos) and Siam (Thailand) were eight vassal states granted by Emperor China. In A.D. 1769, Prithvi narayan Shah, King of Gurkha of Shah Dynasty, who rose in central and western Nepal, conquered Kathmandu Valley. Since then, Nepal has been gradually unified and has begun to have an accurate and informative history. 18 14 British invasion forced Nepal to cede a large part of its southern territory to British India, where it enjoyed various privileges and its diplomacy was supervised. 1846 to 1950, the Rana family seized the military and political power with the support of the British, gained the status of hereditary prime minister, and made the king a puppet. 1923 Britain recognizes Nepal's independence. From 65438 to 0950, the Nepalese people launched a massive mass movement and armed struggle against the Rana family dictatorship. With Indian support, the King of Tribbe and Crown Prince Mahindra restored the kingship through negotiations. After the Rana family ruled, Nepal implemented a dual constitutional monarchy. 1960, King Ma Hengda banned political parties and implemented a non-partisan parliamentary system. 1972 king birendra acceded to the throne.

Bhutan

Bhutan has been a territory of Tubo (Tibet) since the 8th century. After the Yuan Dynasty unified Tibet, it became the territory of China, and it was only in the Qing Dynasty that it split out, which was deeply influenced by Tibetan culture. When we see the national flag of Bhutan, we will see dragons on it. Then why is there a dragon on the national flag We should start with the Pamkuba regime, which believes in white religion, and the Yuan Dynasty unified Tibet. Pamzhu family won the title of Wan Huhou among 6,543,800+300,000 families in Yuan Dynasty. The rebellion at the end of Yuan Dynasty unified 6.5438+0.3 million households, established the Pamjuba regime in Tibetan history, and unified Tibet for 265 years. It is also a territory consistent with the Ming dynasty, and it was named the king and dragon flag by the Ming dynasty. "Zhuba" is a transliteration, and the sound "Zhu" means dragon in Tibetan. By the end of the Ming Dynasty. On the one hand, the Pazhu royal regime was usurped by its retainer, on the other hand, the Yellow Sect rose, and the Yellow Sect sent troops to buy horses, eager to try. The followers of "Zhuba" are caught on both sides and are in jeopardy. At that time, the leader of the Juba faction was Awang? Nangal, who assessed the situation at the time of crisis, resolutely led Juba believers to Bhutan. Because of Wang? Namgyal is a good Buddha, escorted by a quadruped dragon, so whenever he goes to Bhutan, he surrenders to his flag. 16 16 ngawang? After South Caleb unified Bhutan, taking advantage of Bhutan's geographical location and humanistic harmony, he defeated the Yellow Sect invasion five times and finally gained a foothold in Bhutan. Because of the thunder and lightning in Bhutan, the quadruped dragon is also regarded as Raytheon. Awang? Namgyal laid the foundation of modern Bhutan's territory, nationality and religion. 1772 was invaded by Britain. 1865 forced Bhutan to sign the sinchula treaty, and Bhutan was forced to cede 2,000 square kilometers of land. 1907, Ujian wangchuck (1907- 1926) deposed King Debu, became king on his own, had the experience of the kingdom of Bhutan, integrated political and religious powers, and stipulated that the king was hereditary. Britain and Bhutan signed the Punaka Treaty. It is stipulated that Bhutan's foreign relations are "guided" by Britain. 1926- 1952 Jigme？ Wangchuck reigned. India signed a treaty of permanent peace and friendship with Bhutan in August 1949 after its independence. It is stipulated that Bhutan's foreign relations are "guided" by India. 1952, the third generation king Jigme Dorg wangchuck ascended the throne. He developed economy and reformed domestic and foreign affairs. Since 196 1, four generations of King wangchuck of Bhutan and his four compatriots, the Queen, have repeatedly publicly stated that they want to safeguard the country's sovereignty and independence. Bhutan joined the United Nations on 197 1, and the fourth king, jigme singye wangchuck, came back from studying in Britain in 1972, and he succeeded to the throne at the age of 17, which continued his predecessor's domestic and foreign policies. 1973 became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, and 1985 became a member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. On March 24th, 2008, Bhutan, located between China and India, ushered in the first democratic election in history, directly elected members of the National Assembly, and on this basis, produced the first democratically elected government. For this small country with an area of only 46,000 square kilometers and a population of 750,000, this election means that the national political system will change from the original hereditary monarchy to parliamentary democracy. The promoter of this change is Jigme, the old king of Bhutan? Singh? Wangchuck himself. This election is the result of years of efforts by King Bhutan to promote political democratization. /kloc-For 0/00 years, Bhutan has been a hereditary monarchy with no constitution and no political parties. 1In June 1998, King Singh carried out a major reform of the political system, dissolved the cabinet and handed over the administrative power of the government to the Council of Ministers (renamed the Council of Ministers in 2008, and the head of the government was the chairman of the Council of Ministers). In September of 200 1 year, the king issued an order asking the government to prepare to draft the constitution. In March 2005, King Singh proposed the establishment of a two-party system in Bhutan, in which the party with the most votes in the general election formed a cabinet and the other party became the opposition party. According to the draft constitution, Bhutan will form a bicameral parliament, a 75-member National Assembly and a 25-member National Committee. According to the new constitution of Bhutan, the king is the head of state of Bhutan, and the parliament can impeach the king with the support of two-thirds majority. The Council of Ministers is the administrative organ, and its chairman is the head of government. At the end of 2006, King Jigme announced his abdication. In April 2007, he officially ceded the throne to his 27-year-old son, Crown Prince Jigme Kishar wangchuck. In 2008, he officially ascended the throne. Singh once said that the purpose of returning government to the people is to bring Bhutan into line with the west in political system in order to win the recognition of the international community. He said: "For the long-term happiness of Bhutanese, we must promote democracy. An effective system is more important than the throne. "

Laos

Laos is a landlocked country in the north of Indochina Peninsula, bordering China in the north, Cambodia in the south, Vietnam in the east, Myanmar in the northwest and Thailand in the southwest. Mekong River flows through the west 1900 km. It belongs to tropical and subtropical monsoon climate. May ~ 10 is the rainy season, and June 1 10 is the dry season. The average annual temperature is about 26℃, and the annual precipitation is1250 mm ~ 3750 mm. The Lancang Kingdom was founded in 1353, which is the heyday in Laos' history. 1893 became a protectorate of France. 1940 was occupied by Japan in September. 1945 65438+1October 12 declared independence. 1946 France invaded again. 1in July, 954, the Geneva agreement was signed to restore peace in zhina. France withdrew its troops from Laos and was soon replaced by the United States. 1962 signing of the Geneva agreement on Laos. Laos established a coalition government, with Prince Fuma as prime minister and Prince Sufanufon as deputy prime minister. 1964, the United States supported pro-American forces to undermine the Coalition government and attack the liberated areas. 1973 In February, all parties in Laos signed an agreement on restoring peace and national harmony in Laos. 1974 In April, a new coalition government with Fuma as Prime Minister and a political joint committee with Supanufon as Chairman were established. 1975 12 announced the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Lao People's Democratic Republic. They are the last Southeast Asian countries to believe in Hinayana Buddhism, which was the state religion 75 years ago.

Cambodia

Ye Jianguo experienced Funan, Zhenla and Angkor in the second half of 1 century. Angkor Dynasty was in its heyday in the 9th-/Kloc-0th/4th century, with strong national strength and developed culture, which created the world-famous Angkor civilization. 1863 became a protectorate of France. 1940 was occupied by Japan. 1945 Japan surrendered and was reoccupied by France. 1953165438+1independence on October 9. 1970 On March 18, the Lang Nuo clique launched a coup to overthrow the Sihanoukville regime and changed its name to "Khmer Republic". On March 23, Sihanouk announced in Beijing the establishment of the Cambodian National United Front to resist the United States and save the country. On May 5th, the Cambodian Government of National Unity was established, with Penm Nouth as Prime Minister. 1April 1975 17 Cambodia won the struggle against the United States and saved the nation. 1976 65438+ 10, Cambodia promulgated a new constitution and changed its name to "Democratic Cambodia". 1978 Phnom Penh Independence Monument 65438+In February, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and established the "Republic of Cambodia". 1July, 982, Sihanouk and Joe formed coalition government of democratic kampuchea. 1September, 1990, the Cambodian National Supreme Council was established with Sihanouk as its chairman. 131On October 23rd, the International Conference on Cambodia was held in Paris, and an agreement on a comprehensive political settlement of the Cambodia conflict was signed. The Cambodia issue, which lasted for 13 years, was finally solved politically.

Malaysia

At the beginning of AD, ZhaJie, nirvana in fire and other ancient countries were established in the Malay Peninsula. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, the kingdom of Manciga, with Malacca as the center, unified most of the Malay Peninsula and developed into a major international trade center in Southeast Asia at that time. Since16th century, it has been invaded by Portugal, Holland and Britain. 19 1 1 became a British colony. Sarawak and Sabah belonged to Brunei historically, and 1888 became a British protectorate. During World War II, Malaya, Sarawak and Sabah were occupied by Japan. 1957 On August 36, Federal President Tengku Abderahman declared Malaya's independence. 1963, Malaya Federation, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak formed Malaysia Federation, 1965, Singapore announced its withdrawal.

Indonesia

As early as the second half of the 2nd century, the earliest national tunes appeared in Indonesia. From the 3rd century to the 7th century, there were many small kingdoms and tribes in Indonesia. From the 7th century to 1 1 century, with the demise of this great country, there was an endless stream of envoys from China. Buddhism spread in Indonesia from the 7th century to14th century. 1At the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century, Boya, the strongest Manchu in Indonesian history, was established in Java Island. Zheng He went to the West via Indonesia and had diplomatic activities in Malacca. /kloc-In the 6th century, Europeans arrived in Indonesia and discovered these small countries. Some European powers began to establish Bandung, the third largest city, which is a fairy capital with beautiful scenery, and the Netherlands has become the country occupying the most territory among these European countries. The Netherlands originally colonized these areas through the Dutch East India Company. 1799 After the dissolution of the East India Company, the colony was taken over by the Dutch government and was called Dutch East India in history. After the end of World War I, the local people began to fight for autonomy. Immediately after the news of Japanese surrender in World War II reached Indonesia, Su Jianuo issued the Declaration of Indonesian Independence the next day. Then, in just five days, Indonesia declared its independence from the Dutch East India Company. Finally, in 1949, the East India Company announced that it would give up its sovereignty over Indonesia, making Indonesia officially independent, and Su Jianuo was appointed as the first president of Indonesia.

Papua New Guinea

The full name of Papua New Guinea is "the independent country of Papua New Guinea" and it is one of the islands of Papua. There are two explanations about its origin: ① Portuguese menezes sailed from Malacca to Maluku Islands in 1526, but the sea breeze blew the ship to an unknown place, so people called this land Papua. It comes from Malay tanahpepua, which means the land of curly hair. (2) The early Portuguese came here and asked the local residents why. The answer is Papua, so they put the national name of Papua into the local name. Ethnic names come from Malay papuvah (curly hair) or pua-pua (dark brown). Refers to the hair and skin color of Papua, the main resident of the island. New Guinea, also known as Irian Island. 1526 was discovered by Portuguese explorer Jorge de Meneze. 1545, Ortiz Dreites, a Portuguese, went to the northern part of the island and saw that the skin color and climate of the local residents were similar, so he was named New Guinea. Since then, it has been called Papua New Guinea. 1884, Britain and Germany carved up the eastern half of Irian Island and its nearby islands. 1906, Britain handed over the British part to Australia and renamed it the territory of Papua, Australia. The United Nations General Assembly decided to entrust Australia with trusteeship. 1973, Papua new guinea established an autonomous government. 1September 1975 16 declared independence and established an independent country, Papua New Guinea.

Madagascar

1896 became a French colony.