Current location - Music Encyclopedia - Today in History - I read China's cultural composition.
I read China's cultural composition.
1. composition I think there are many traditional festivals in China culture and China; Spring Festival.

Lantern Festival. Mid-Autumn Festival.

Dragon Boat Festival. Double Ninth Festival

Tomb-Sweeping Day. Valentine's Day in China.

Among the traditional festivals I am interested in, the Spring Festival is my favorite, because it is the biggest traditional festival among the people in China. On the first day of the first month of the summer calendar, it is also called Lunar New Year, China New Year and New Year.

During the Spring Festival every year, the streets are covered with red lanterns and colorful flags are flying. The shopping mall was crowded with people, and every household posted couplets, which was very lively.

Every child can use it, and children can put on beautiful new clothes. Adults are beaming. Dad bought me a lot of fireworks. In the evening, I took out the fireworks and put them downstairs with the children. We had a good time. At the beginning of the party, I was reluctant to go home and happily ate fruit with my family to watch the party. The wonderful performance made us laugh, thinking: if only we celebrated the New Year every day! I also like the Double Ninth Festival. On the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, Li Bai wrote an ancient poem about the Double Ninth Festival.

I am a lonely stranger in a strange land, and I miss my family more often during the holidays. When I think of my brothers' bodies climbing high, I will feel a little regret for not being able to reach me.

This poem is well written. It is also an ancient traditional festival in China-the Double Ninth Festival.

Double Ninth Festival, also known as "Festival for the Elderly", is a day for people to enjoy chrysanthemums, wear dogwood and climb mountains with wine. On this day, my parents and I prepared gifts to visit my grandparents. I am very happy, because I understand that respecting the old and loving the young is our traditional virtue in China.

Lantern Festival also makes me unforgettable. On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, just after the Spring Festival, the traditional festival Lantern Festival in China was ushered in. On this day, we also set off a lot of fireworks and ate jiaozi.

The family was round and round, and my heart was full of incomparable happiness and joy. The traditional festivals in China are really colorful. This is a festival in China.

These traditional festivals also bring us joy and happiness, so we should remember these beautiful festivals and inherit them forever.

2. How to write the composition "I see China traditional culture and art" I study China culture. Compared with academic monographs, I prefer another style-peaceful tone and profound details, although it is inevitable to become superficial. In my opinion, Taiwan Province poet Yu Guangzhong is the best contemporary inheritor of China traditional culture. Every time I read his poems, I can feel his lingering about the traditional way of life. And his sincerity and respect for China's traditional culture. "When I die": When I die, bury me. Between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, my head is resting, and my white hair is covered with black soil. In China, the most beautiful and motherly country, I will sleep peacefully, sleep all over the mainland and listen to the eternal music on both sides. Requiem originated in the Yangtze River and Yellow River, surging eastward. This is the most indulgent and spacious bed. Looking west in freezing Michigan, I want to see the dawn in China through the night. I use a map of China's eyes that I haven't enjoyed in 17 years, from West Lake to Taihu Lake to Chongqing with flowers, instead of returning to China. Then there is the rest. Huang Renyu's "Fifteen Years of Wanli" is the first monograph on the history of prose in China, and Yu has gone more thoroughly on this road. He is giving full play to what you need to know. He is trying to build such a bridge and let the culture go deep into the ordinary level. I think he did a good job. Yu delivered a speech in Shenzhen, arguing that Chinese civilization can continue to this day for the following three reasons: First, the Chinese nation as a whole has never been an expedition nation. The theme of Chinese civilization is agricultural civilization based on Confucian culture. Farming civilization has never had an expedition nation, which has avoided the tragedy of extinction due to war. Secondly, there is no long-term chaos in the history of China. There were periods of war and chaos in China's history, but order was quickly restored. You can't help sighing about the imperial examination system in China's history. The imperial examination system provides a large number of young management talents for this country every three years. So many places in China are managed by these people. What is even more remarkable is that the imperial examination system is not about poetry and songs, but about the ability to govern the country and level the world. This is a very clever idea. Third, China has never fallen into extreme religious fanaticism. After arriving in China, the religions outside were not so extreme, but became moderate and rarely aggressive. In China, there is an elastic structure and many religious ideas coexist. It didn't go to extremes. The elastic structure of Chinese civilization deserves our serious consideration. Thirdly, we can't learn the traditional culture of China without mentioning Confucius, but Confucianism. However, after studying, I often have such questions. Why can scholars of all ages always find what they want from The Analects or help the king? It's really good to read it briefly. Between the lines, it is like a wise elder telling you about life and wisdom. However, after collecting books, it is inevitable to think that no one can surpass Confucius without books, is it better than the Analects? Commenting on China culture, Bai Yang pointed out: "Since Mr. Kong Qiu, there hasn't been a thinker for 4,000 years, and all people who know writing have annotated Kong Qiu's theory or Kong Qiu's disciples' theory there. They have no independent opinions, because our culture doesn't allow this, so they can only survive in this stagnant pool. "Some scholars have discussed whether Confucianism has lost its value of existence, and the answer is of course no. However, we. I think the person who said this is trying to hit the nail on the head and point out that Confucius' thought seriously restricted the emergence of thinkers in a certain historical period. This idea regulates people's daily behavior with the help of the power of rulers. It requires people to obey the rules and not to think about innovation. But Confucius can't be blamed for this disaster. Blame the rulers who use this idea. They are the biggest beneficiaries of this idea. Philosophers' thoughts will promote the society to some extent in the early stage of their production. However, with the development of society, the limitations of ideas will be revealed. However, rulers often ignore the existence of this limitation, ossify this concept and misinterpret it for their own interests. At any time, the philosopher's thought should not be a tool for rulers to gain personal gain. The result of this will be that our grasp of philosophers' thoughts and theories is biased, and philosophers will become scapegoats for rulers. Fourth, when reading in class, I always don't quite understand why there are unnecessary comparisons in books. We always use China to emphasize the "advanced nature" of China's ancient culture many years before the West, as if to prove that China people have been smarter than Westerners since ancient times. It seems that only in this way can we highlight our national pride and cultivate the patriotic feelings of the next generation. If so, our understanding of Pythagorean theorem is more than 500 years earlier than that of the west, and the seismograph is more than 1700 years earlier than that of the west, and so on. What this tells us is just some hard figures. Can these really explain the cultural connotation? Culture is based on nationalities, and the nationalities in the world are colorful, so the world culture is rich and varied. We have no reason to say that the culture of one nation is more advanced than that of another. The Chinese nation has its own unique culture, and so does the West. Cross-cultural comparison can only distinguish cultural differences or commonness, but can't compare which culture is "advanced" and which culture is "backward". Because China culture and western culture are two different systems, they may show some similarities because of their mutual influence, but we must never compare "advanced" and "backward" on a two-dimensional one-way line. I have always thought that calling the Great Wall "the eighth wonder", Guan Hanqing "Oriental Shakespeare" and Suzhou "Oriental Venice" is not something to be proud of. It only represents a blind arrogance. We must have a correct understanding of our own culture. The value of our culture is not based on the comparison with western culture, and we should not establish our own cultural value with western culture as the frame of reference. In the face of China culture with heavy intrinsic value accumulation, I think, we.

3. Composition I think there are many traditional festivals in China culture and China; Spring Festival. Lantern Festival. Mid-Autumn Festival. Dragon Boat Festival. Double Ninth Festival Tomb-Sweeping Day. Valentine's Day in China.

Among the traditional festivals I am interested in, the Spring Festival is my favorite, because it is the biggest traditional festival among the people in China. On the first day of the first month of the summer calendar, it is also called Lunar New Year, China New Year and New Year. During the Spring Festival every year, the streets are covered with red lanterns and colorful flags are flying. The shopping mall was crowded with people, and every household posted couplets, which was very lively. Every child can use it, and children can put on beautiful new clothes. Adults are beaming. Dad bought me a lot of fireworks. In the evening, I took out the fireworks and put them downstairs with the children. We had a good time. At the beginning of the party, I was reluctant to go home and happily ate fruit with my family to watch the party. The wonderful performance made us laugh, thinking: if only we celebrated the New Year every day!

I also like the Double Ninth Festival. On the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, Li Bai wrote an ancient poem about the Double Ninth Festival. I am a lonely stranger in a strange land, and I miss my family more often during the holidays. When I think of my brothers' bodies climbing high, I will feel a little regret for not being able to reach me. This poem is well written. It is also an ancient traditional festival in China-the Double Ninth Festival. Double Ninth Festival, also known as "Festival for the Elderly", is a day for people to enjoy chrysanthemums, wear dogwood and climb mountains with wine. On this day, my parents and I prepared gifts to visit my grandparents. I am very happy, because I understand that respecting the old and loving the young is our traditional virtue in China.

Lantern Festival also makes me unforgettable. On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, just after the Spring Festival, the traditional festival Lantern Festival in China was ushered in. On this day, we also set off a lot of fireworks and ate jiaozi. The family was round and round, and my heart was full of incomparable happiness and joy. The traditional festivals in China are really colorful. This is a festival in China.

These traditional festivals also bring us joy and happiness, so we should remember these beautiful festivals and inherit them forever.

4. China Culture Composition China Culture

Culture is the symbol of a nation. The rise of a nation is not only the prosperity of economy, but also the prosperity of culture. Entering the 2nd/kloc-0th century, with the rapid development of China's economy, the revival of Chinese culture is also in front of everyone in China. The Chinese nation has a long history of civilization. Although it has gone through many vicissitudes, it still stands among the nations of the world, and its culture has been passed down from generation to generation. There is no end to culture, and the nation will not die. In this sense, inheriting and developing our culture can be said to be the primary task of our national rejuvenation. In recent years, with the continuous warming of "Sinology fever", the whole society has become more and more interested in traditional culture and attached more and more importance to classics. China is also full of string songs, and reading classics has become a common practice. It can be said that the era of cultural consciousness of the Chinese nation is coming quietly! The so-called cultural consciousness refers to understanding and inheriting the essence of national culture, carrying it forward in the new era, and on this basis, starting an equal dialogue with other cultures, learning from each other's strengths and living in harmony. Cultural consciousness will bring about the revival of culture and nation, a harmonious society and a harmonious world.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the ideological space was active and the culture was extremely prosperous. During this period, hundred schools of thought, such as Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Sun Tzu and Han Feizi, contended, and Confucianism, Taoism, France, military strategist and Mohism sprang up, which led to the first peak in the cultural history of China and laid a solid foundation for the ancient culture of China. Among them, Confucianism is a theoretical school with great influence on later generations.

Confucianism was founded by Confucius at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and it was an important school among the hundred schools at that time, ranking first among the ten schools (Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, France, military strategists, famous artists, yin and yang scholars, strategists and agriculturists). The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi are the representative works of this school.

Among them, The Analects of Confucius is the most suitable work for our eighth grade students. Confucius said, "It's better to keep pace with the times, isn't it? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Isn't he a completely moral person? Although people may not pay attention to him, he won't feel uneasy. Isn't it good to have fellow students come all the way (to discuss knowledge with me)? Isn't it good to learn and review often? Others don't know themselves and they don't have any dissatisfaction. Isn't this a gentleman? " Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." ,

China, which has a long history of civilization of 5,000 years, is centered on Confucius. He founded Confucianism and Confucian School, which influenced him for more than 2,500 years, and became the founder and originator of China traditional culture. China culture before Confucius was handed down by Confucius. After Confucius, the culture of China was initiated by Confucius. Confucianism is a great wisdom that really stands out from the past dynasties. Understanding the spirit of Confucianism will help us to deeply understand the profound philosophical core of China culture, the profound inner world of China people, and the eternal cultural life and spiritual source of the Chinese nation.

5. I want to find an essay (about 600 words). I have a piece of paper to write. I love the treasure house of world culture-China is in the east of the world, where the Yellow River and the Yangtze River meet, and there are 56 nationalities. They have a common name-the Chinese nation, and jointly created a great country-China, and created a splendid civilization-Chinese civilization. Chinese traditional virtues have far-reaching influence. In the long history of thousands of years, Chinese civilization is far ahead of the world in economy, science and technology and culture. Now, under the guidance of Socialism with Chinese characteristics Theory, the great Chinese nation has once again embarked on the road of rejuvenation. How can we not be proud of this prosperous motherland? Because I am a descendant of the Chinese people, China is one of the earliest cradles of mankind and the earliest developed country in the world. There were four great inventions in ancient times, the movable type printing of compass, gunpowder and papermaking books, and now there is the space technology of China manned spacecraft. In ancient times, there was the Yuanmingyuan with unique art, but now there is the bright Oriental Pearl. In ancient times, there was the world-famous Great Wall in Wan Li, and now there is the magnificent Three Gorges Project. Almost state-owned telegrams transmit information, and now there is the Internet. Wireless cable ... has also made great achievements in agriculture, such as hybrid rice, embryo transfer, insect-resistant cotton and other technologies. However, the road to revival is not smooth. The problems of population, resources and environment seriously affect the economic development and overall social progress of China, and restrict the construction of a harmonious socialist society. To realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, we must implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, take the road of sustainable development and promote the harmony between man and nature. Coordinated development of real economy, population, resources and environment. On the land of more than 9.6 million square kilometers in China, there are 56 ethnic groups. In the long river of history, all ethnic groups have created splendid cultures and 56 bright pearls, which have jointly created an ancient and great nation-the Chinese nation. All ethnic groups in China have their own distinctive national characteristics, unique customs and even languages. In architecture, sculpture and forest design, it has its own unique national style. With their diligence and wisdom, they left the world with precious natural and cultural heritage. Old Town of Lijiang has a history of more than 800 years and is known as "Venice of the East". There is the only living hieroglyph in the world-Dongba; There are white sand murals of national cultural relics protection units; The "Naxi Dongjing Music" with the rhythm of Tang and Song Dynasties is called "living fossil", and many famous writers, artists, militarists and scientists have been produced in .................................................................................................................................................... Created a diet with national characteristics, clothing culture, architectural culture and so on. I love China, a treasure house of world culture.

6. Composition I think the old-age paintings, firecrackers and ancestor worship activities in China's classical culture have all disappeared. It seems that the most traditional Chinese New Year culture of China people has gradually been replaced by a New Year's Eve dinner, a Spring Festival Gala and a few New Year greetings. However, the quiet Chinese New Year is only a manifestation of the loss of traditional culture in China. When South Korea's application for the Dragon Boat Festival is successful, when Ma Touqin in Inner Mongolia becomes Mongolia's intangible cultural heritage, Indonesian "tradition" becomes a movie, and when Egypt and South Korea are competing for the invention right of China's papermaking, everyone in China should wake up in the fragrance of roses on Valentine's Day and Christmas. We should review the profound traditional culture of China. Why is the glory of the past so easily forgotten by us? What's the way out for China's traditional culture?

China culture has a profound historical background, which is the precipitation and accumulation of thousands of years. Every folk custom has its unique legend and cultural background, and every program has an ancient history and spread value. Simple and quick western culture seems to be more acceptable, but the depth and connotation of China culture cannot be forgotten or replaced. Under the background of steady and rapid economic growth, every China person and every Chinese son and daughter has the responsibility to think deeply about how to preserve and spread China's traditional culture. In a sense, it is the way out for the Chinese nation to stand among the nations in the world, and it is also the way out for a nation that rules the country by courtesy to become rich and strong.

Although the treasure is still losing at a sad speed, we still see that attention is shifting to them.

The world-famous opening ceremony of the Olympic Games is the best example. At that grand event, we saw the magnificent scene of thousands of people beating us, and we heard the old saying, "It's a pleasure to have friends from afar." We are moved by the melodious Kunqu opera and awed by the exquisiteness of movable type printing. Zhang Yimou spared no effort to show the world an ancient oriental country with a long history, and also told every Chinese son and daughter the value and preciousness of traditional culture.

When more and more provinces begin to declare folk customs as national intangible cultural heritage, when the New Year bell rings, we can hear festive firecrackers and dancing yangko ribbons, and when we all have the opportunity to relive past customs in traditional festivals, we have reason to believe that the way out of China's traditional culture is no longer a worrying issue forever, and Chinese people will eventually leave every legend and custom to future generations and work together.

We see that the way out for China's traditional culture is to move towards the light.

7. Traditional culture in China: Many poorly written old cultures are still the shackles of people's thoughts. The "golden mean" mediates social contradictions, which makes people confused. The idea of loyalty to the monarch makes people submit to it, and the feudal hierarchy forms the idea of "official standard", which hinders the legal process of our country. However, centered on male chauvinism, women's status was subordinate to subordinate governors, and women's liberation was also influenced by Confucius and Mencius to some extent. All this is still permeated with ideology in today's society. In today's reform and opening up, the poverty of Confucianism is still the biggest obstacle in the ideological field. In the novel A Madman's Diary, Lu Xun completely denied the way of Confucius and Mencius. Lu Xun borrowed a madman to say: I opened the history, which has no age, but the words "benevolence, righteousness and morality" were written on every page, but I didn't see them until midnight. It was originally written as "cannibalism". When you take a tour train to visit the tomb of Confucius, if the big garden buries descendants of the extended family from Confucius to the 74th generation, the tomb of Confucius' family will be surrounded by thick high walls just by taking the tour bus. Ancient trees are towering in the cemetery. Feudal emperors in previous dynasties may pay homage to the tomb of Confucius, a descendant of Manchu Temujin. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty also married the princess to the Confucius family, which shows the respect of the feudal dynasty for Confucius. Including Chiang Kai-shek, also admired Confucianism. The descendants of Confucius were cared for by the feudal dynasty, and the family flourished for more than two thousand years. This is a miracle of China culture. The Confucius family is a big family, and the eldest son has a strong family concept. The Confucius family established a feudal family according to "father and son" and moved out of Confucius' house. It is said that the incense was almost shortened in the 1960s, and was later extended by several concubines. Now family planning, I don't know how many people will be broken. The descendants of Confucius still live in Qufu and definitely don't agree with family planning. How can a large family with a prominent culture break and a large family finally disappear from the ancient land? The descendants of Confucius moved to the United States to enjoy modern material civilization, leaving us with how to abandon Confucianism ideologically, which is a subject entrusted to us by the times. We drove away from Qufu and stood in the Confucius Temple in the deep courtyard of Qilu high wall. Soon my eyes disappeared, and I seemed to understand the history of the rise and fall of a feudal family. Modern culture is built on the ruins of traditional culture in China, and the development of culture in an era is the symbol of social civilization.

8. Composition: The classical literature of China culture in my eyes seems to be a distant dream from our life, language and writing today. In fact, today is a continuation of yesterday, and today and yesterday have a very close internal relationship.

In particular, our Chinese nation is a country that attaches importance to cultural heritage. Thousands of years of historical accumulation have enriched China's culture, which has also precipitated the characters we still use today. As a writer, if you only understand its superficial grammatical meaning, but can't feel its connotation and humanistic allusions, you can't use it accurately and vividly.

Today's literary phenomena are essentially within the classic genes, and they are the amplification of some classic cultural phenomena, or innovative combinations.

For example, the pursuit of obscurity, obscurity and obscurity in modern poetry is not new. It was fashionable in the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty. Generally, after a long period of popularization, the history of poetry will become obscure to meet the requirements of literariness and defamiliarization. However, obscurity and obscurity are, after all, variants of literature rather than the right path. After fulfilling its mission in a specific historical period, the history of poetry is bound to return to the right path, but this is not the case.

Someone once described the scene in 2050, when mankind became an animal like a machine, and all material needs could be realized by pressing a button. There are no poets and novels, because everyone is busy making more money and buying more modern life, but in the spiritual and cultural fields, this is a desert.

This is actually just a deduction based on the current utilitarian cultural prosperity. Man will not be destroyed in the civilization he created, because his spiritual needs are the needs of his life itself.

China's most precious wealth is China's traditional culture and aesthetic cultural spirit. No matter what kind of scientific and technological civilization, others can imitate and surpass it, so it cannot be said that it is the century of China. Only by understanding it can China's traditional cultural spirit become the mainstream of human spiritual culture in the 2nd1century, thus making the 2nd1century the century of China's traditional culture.

Tradition doesn't just refer to ancient times. Tradition is a constantly changing category. Reality and history are the same life, especially the traditional culture of China, which is an endless river and an endless life from ancient times to the present.

Li Bai, Du Fu and Cao Xueqin are traditions, and so are Lu Xun, Hu Shi and Shen Congwen, although they are all anti-traditional athletes. They are imbued with the blood of the Chinese nation and have indelible Chinese cultural genes. They all have a profound understanding of traditional culture, and their wounds are the rebirth of traditional culture formed by anti-tradition and the variation of classical culture.

In the history of China's traditional culture, there have been several major deconstructions. Deconstruction of Confucian orthodox culture in Han Dynasty by Wei-Jin demeanor: sexual liberation of Song Ci represented by Liu Yong: the humanistic trend of thought represented by Li Zhi in late Ming Dynasty is consistent with the May 4th Movement represented by Lu Xun. They have all activated new vitality for the tradition. They are the masters of tradition first, and then the deconstructionists. But we can't say that they are not part of traditional culture.

Every great deconstruction has both external forces and internal laws of motion. The May 4th Movement is not only the inevitable trend of western learning spreading eastward to modern civilization, but also the natural transformation of China's traditional culture. When the traditional culture develops to a certain stage and becomes a mature and moldy fruit, it needs a deconstruction, so that the fruit can fall to the ground, and then new fruit trees will grow and a new life will begin. Compared with the traditional culture in the late Ming Dynasty, the early Song Dynasty and the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the late Qing Dynasty was more mature, so the demand for deconstruction was more urgent and the intensity of deconstruction was stronger. Therefore, it is meritorious and inevitable that the May 4th Movement overthrew this moldy fruit.

However, after the fruits of traditional culture are torn down, if the trees cultivated by traditional culture for thousands of years are uprooted, it is radical, and the result of radical opposition is to oppose traditional culture to intellectuals, the masters of this culture.

Social fashion, from the initial supremacy of reading, to the world-famous scholar-bureaucrat culture, to the dislocation of social interpersonal relationship with upside-down brain and body, and the imbalance between social science and natural science, is still the crux of all kinds of drawbacks in today's society.

Therefore, within China culture, there is a mission of returning to traditional culture. The significance of return is not to return to the imperial examination system, and to take classical poetry as the main literary carrier again. On the contrary, we should build a new China cultural system with the spirit of traditional culture, which will be a modern culture with traditional culture.

Return is not retrogression, for example, Confucius advocated the return of Zhou culture, but became the founder of feudal culture; Han Yu advocated the ancient prose movement, but he became a pioneer of a new prose style. Mankind always advances in retrospect, and makes progress in denying the current trend and returning to tradition.

Finally, I would like to ask: Who has been recruited by China's traditional culture? Reviving Chinese studies is not done now. What time? Think about it, if we really lose it, what makes us prove that we are from China! ! !

9. The culture of China constitutes the culture of China, which is out of print. We are late.

Sky, fleeting clouds. Is the fire still burning? The beautiful scenery that hurts people solidifies into a thorn and sticks in your throat, which is red, swollen, inflamed and scarred.

Then it became an unbearable shame. Splash of blood and tears soaked your palest soul.

The floating wind gently climbed over the heavy yellow robe. Look, a smile beyond memory has no content.

China culture, out-of-print culture, we are late. You sobbed a thousand times and ten thousand times with tears in your eyes, tossing and turning in the vast reverberation of history.

You miss each other in eternity, and you can't stop crying in this confused world. Tears slowly fall on the ground, and your sadness is hard to tell. China culture, out-of-print culture, we are late.

Curly Xiao Sheng hit your sore, a pair of women's hands locked a collapsed dynasty, and a man accidentally lost half of his country. All struggles are in vain, life can't bear the solemn pain of parting, and dull despair hangs over your fragile heart.

China culture, out-of-print culture, we are late. A thousand years of wind and rain, a thousand years of silence.

Your silent and melancholy soul trudges alone, and sad stories spread with the wind and overflow the water. I am sad to cross the vast horizon and fly over the tearful watch.

In just visiting, groups of masons bent down and waved chisels, chopping and chopping stories of weeping blood. Everything, and then cut a sacred sadness.

China's culture, out-of-print culture, you have gone through a thousand years of wind and rain with tears and blood, and also shocked the vicissitudes of the Millennium.