China was an outstanding politician and patriotic poet of Chu at the end of the Warring States Period. The name is flat and the word is original. Chu Wuwang Xiong Tong's son Qu Xian's descendants. Danyang (now Jiangling, Hubei) people. Qu yuan experienced three periods in his life, namely, the reign of king and the reign of king, and mainly lived in the reign of king. This period is the eve of China's imminent reunification, and "the emperor of Qin is horizontal and the king of Chu is vertical". Qu was born in a famous family, good at dealing with chaos and rhetoric, and was highly valued in his early years. He was a doctor of Zuotu. In order to realize the great cause of Chu's reunification, Qu Yuan actively assisted in the reform to strengthen the country, and insisted on uniting Qi with foreign countries to resist Qin, which once made Chu rich and strong. However, due to the sharp contradiction between Qu Yuan and the decadent aristocratic group of Chu State in internal affairs and diplomacy, and the jealousy of Shangguan doctor and others, Qu Yuan was later framed by a clique and alienated by Chu Huaiwang. In the fifteenth year of Wang Huai (the first 304 years), from Qin to Chu, Zhang Yi bribed Shanxi merchants, Zilan, Zheng Xiu and others as spies with huge sums of money, and at the same time deceived Wang Huai with "offering merchants for 600 miles", which led to the breaking of diplomatic relations between Qi and Chu. After being deceived, he became angry from embarrassment and sent troops to Qin twice, both of which were defeated. Therefore, Qu Yuan was ordered to send an envoy to Qi State to rebuild the friendship between Qi and Chu. Once again, Zhang Yi failed to disintegrate the Qi-Chu alliance from Qin to Chu. In twenty-four years, Qin Chu formed an alliance with Huang Ci, and Chu was completely embraced by the State of Qin. Qu Yuan was also expelled from the capital and moved to the Northern Han Dynasty. Thirty years after Wang Huai, Qu Yuan returned to Du Ying. In the same year, Qin made an appointment with the military attache Wang, was detained by Qin, and finally died in Qin. After Xiang Wang ascended the throne, he continued to implement the policy of surrender. Qu Yuan was expelled from Ying Capital again, exiled to Jiangnan, and moved between Yuan and Xiang. In the twenty-first year of King Xiang of Qing Dynasty (the first 278 years), General Qin attacked Ying, and Qu Yuan threw himself into the Miluo River in anger and died for his political ideal. Qu Yuan's works include Li Sao, Tian Wen, Nine Songs (1 1), Nine Chapters (9) and Evocation, with a total of 23 articles. In addition, whether Buju and Fisherman were written by Qu Yuan is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece and the longest romantic political lyric poem in the history of ancient China literature. Tian Wen is a rare and peculiar poem in ancient and modern times. It asked 172 questions to heaven continuously, involving astronomy, geography, literature, philosophy and many other fields, which showed the poet's bold suspicion of traditional ideas and scientific spirit of pursuing truth. "Nine Songs" is a set of music songs based on folk songs to worship the gods. There are a lot of gods in the poem, most of which are love songs. Qu Yuan's works record his persistence in the ideal of "beautiful politics" and his struggle against the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu. His ideal of "beautiful politics" is reflected in his works, that is, "cultivating talents and empowering them, but doing things without being equal" (Li Sao). The so-called "promoting talents and empowering" means selecting truly talented people to govern the country, opposing secular affairs, and limiting the monopoly of old nobles on power, regardless of rank. He also took the historical stories of Fu Shuo, the slave, Lv Wang, the butcher and Ning Qi, the vendor, as examples to illustrate the rationality of selecting talents regardless of their status. The so-called "following the rope without being rude" means practicing the law, that is, the law is not expensive and limiting the privileges of the old nobles. Qu Yuan's ideal of "beautiful politics" reflects his sharp opposition to the decadent aristocratic groups in Chu and their forces, and expresses his demand for progress in getting rid of bad politics, with the ultimate goal of saving the motherland from peril and making Chu a prosperous and powerful country. Related to this, Qu Yuan's works also profoundly exposed the darkness of Chu politics, the decay of Chu aristocratic groups and the fatuity of Chu kings, and showed his fighting spirit of adhering to the ideal of "beautiful politics", insisting on moral integrity and "not regretting his death"; At the same time, it shows his determination to care about the country and the people, love the country and the people, and devote himself to the motherland. Although Qu Yuan was exiled or even exiled, he always thought about the rise and fall of the motherland and the sufferings of the people, hoping that the king of Chu would repent and work hard to become the master of ZTE. He knew that being loyal to honesty and frankness would lead to disaster, but he always "endured but could not give up"; Knowing that he faced many dangers, he could have gone to other countries to find a way out in the era of "using Chu materials", but he refused to leave Chu. It shows his infinite loyalty to the motherland and his personality and will to win glory with the sun and the moon. Qu Yuan's works are full of positive romantic spirit. Its main performance is that he integrated his passionate pursuit of ideals into artistic imagination and magical artistic conception. For example, Li Sao wrote that after he gave a speech to Zhong Hua, he went against the wind. He knocked at the heavenly palace first, but the emperor didn't accept it. He begged a girl who happened not to be there; He pursued Fu Fei, but Fu Fei was rude to him; He wanted Judy and Er Yao, but he didn't have a good matchmaker to deliver the news. This fantasy and pursuit of going to heaven and going to earth embodies Qu Yuan's hard pursuit of ideals in reality. In addition, Nine Songs and Tian Wen also use a lot of myths and historical legends as materials, with bold and rich imagination, which is rare in ancient and modern times. Besides, Qu Yuan's works also use a series of metaphors to express his feelings. For example, he used flowers and herbs to describe a noble gentleman; Use smelly things and Xiao Ai as metaphors for traitors or disloyal villains; Wearing vanilla symbolizes the poet's moral cultivation. This technique of "vanilla beauty" makes a sharp contrast between loyalty, ugliness, goodness and evil in reality, and produces a concise and endless artistic effect. Qu Yuan's works are uneven in level and flexible in form. Chu dialect is widely used in the language, full of local flavor; Most of its dialects are refined, colorful and vivid. Qu Yuan is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature. He is an outstanding representative of romantic poets. As an outstanding politician and patriot, Qu Yuan's spirit and personality of loving the motherland and the people, persisting in the truth, preferring death to surrender, has inspired and nurtured countless Chinese sons and daughters for thousands of years, especially when the nation was in danger. As a great poet, the appearance of Qu Yuan not only marks that China's poetry has entered a new era from collective singing to individual originality, but also his new poetic style-Chu Ci, which broke through the expression form of The Book of Songs, greatly enriched the expressive force of poetry and opened up a new world for China's ancient poetry creation. Therefore, later generations called Chu Ci and The Book of Songs together as The Book of Songs. "Feng" and "Sao" are the sources of the two fine traditions of realism and romanticism in the history of China's poetry. At the same time, Chu Ci, represented by Qu Yuan, also influenced the formation of Han Fu. In the history of China, Qu Yuan was the most admired and loved poet by the people. According to the records of "Continuation of Qi and Harmony" and "Geography of Sui Shu", Qu Yuan threw himself into the river on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month. The custom of making zongzi and racing dragon boats on May 5th in China originated from people's commemoration of Qu Yuan. 1953, Qu Yuan was also listed as one of the four cultural celebrities in the world and was solemnly commemorated by the World Peace Council and people all over the world.

Edit this passage Dante

Dante. Dante

(Italian: Battleship Dante AliGneki Cheri, 1265-132 1), an Italian poet, the founder of modern Italian, and one of the pioneers of the European Renaissance, is famous for his long poem The Divine Comedy. Engels commented: "The end of the feudal Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern capitalist era are marked by a great man, the Italian Dante, the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era". Dante was born in a declining aristocratic family in Florence, Italy. He was born in 1265. The date of birth is not clear. According to his own poem, "born under Gemini" should be at the end of May or early June. At the age of five, her biological mother died, her father was her second wife, and her stepmother gave birth to two younger brothers and a younger sister. Dante wrote many works in his life, the most valuable of which is undoubtedly the Divine Comedy. Through the dialogue between the author and various famous figures in hell, purgatory and heaven, this work reflects the achievements and some major problems in the field of medieval culture, and has the nature of "encyclopedia", from which we can also glimpse the dawn of humanistic thought in the Renaissance. In this epic with more than 14,000 lines, Dante resolutely opposed obscurantism in the Middle Ages, expressed his persistent pursuit of truth, and had a far-reaching impact on the poetry creation of later generations in Europe. Besides The Divine Comedy, Dante also wrote A New Life, discussing proverbs, feasts and poems. There are thirty-one lyric poems in New Life, which mainly express the affection for Li Qi. Simple, beautiful and moving, it has reached the highest achievement of "gentle new style" poetry. He has a famous saying: Go your own way and let others talk. Dante's works are basically written in Tuscany dialect of Italy, which played a considerable role in the formation of modern Italian language based on Tuscany dialect, because apart from Latin works, only Dante was the first person in ancient Italy to write in a living language, and his works played a considerable role in the formation of Italian literary language, so they also played a leading role in the Renaissance. Dante was called "the first poet in the new period and the last poet in the old period" because he lived in Italy in the14th century (but Italy was still a general concept at that time, consisting of many small countries, principalities, waiting countries and papal countries). At that time, it was still the Middle Ages (the so-called Middle Ages refers to the feudal society after the demise of the Western Roman Empire to Europe where capitalism sprouted). Italy is located in the Mediterranean with convenient transportation, so its marine economy is particularly developed, so the seeds of capitalism appeared, and so did the seeds of capitalism, which is the "Renaissance". Dante was the first writer to adopt the theory of "Renaissance". His Divine Comedy contains many humanistic spirits, such as affirming human beings and human nature. However, due to centuries of theological rule, theological concepts are still deeply rooted. Therefore, there are also many medieval theological factors in The Divine Comedy, such as the use of theological mythological themes and the use of medieval theological writing methods. You can go to the Divine Comedy and summarize it yourself. Since then, the "Renaissance" movement has flourished and spread to other European countries. Therefore, Dante is regarded as the last writer in the Middle Ages and the first writer in the New Renaissance.

Copernicus edited this paragraph.

Copernicus

Polish astronomer. Founder of modern astronomy. 1473 was born in Torun on February 9th, and 1543 died in Frenburg on May 24th. He lost his father at the age of 10 and was raised by his uncle L. Vacherod. He entered Krakow University at the age of 18. Deeply influenced by Professor a. Bruchuski of Mathematical Astronomy, he decided to devote himself to astronomical research. At the age of 23-30, he went to Italy many times, studied church regulations, laws and medicine at the University of Bologna, the University of Padua and university of ferrara, and returned to Poland at the age of 30 to work as an assistant to his uncle who was then the archbishop. His uncle died at the age of 39. Later, he served as a monk in Fronburg Cathedral, but his main energy was devoted to astronomical research. During my study in Italy, I studied under D.M. Novara, a professor of astronomy, and teachers and students also observed the phenomenon that1March 9, 497, the moon covered Bisuvu. Novara was proficient in ancient Greek works and appreciated Pythagoras' view of cosmic harmony, which had a far-reaching influence on Copernicus. Copernicus found that with the improvement of observation accuracy, in order to make the planet position predicted by Ptolemaic geocentric system coincide with the actual astronomical phenomenon, this system must use about 80 equal wheels and current wheels, which is complicated and cumbersome. Inspired by the earthquake thoughts of some ancient Greek scholars, he decided to abandon Ptolemy's geocentric system and put forward a scientific universe system centered on the sun. From July of 1502 to June of 15 ~14, Copernicus wrote an article "Explanation of the Operation Theory of Celestial Bodies Derived from the Structure of Celestial Bodies", which was circulated among his best friends. This article is actually the outline of his later masterpiece "The Theory of the Operation of Celestial Bodies". Since then, he began to write "On the Operation of Celestial Bodies", and spent four nine years verifying his theory and constantly revising and perfecting this masterpiece. It was not until the early 1940s (16) that the manuscript was sent for publication at the urging of his only student, G.J. Rhaticus, and other close friends. 1543 When the sample book was delivered to Copernicus, he was already dying. This masterpiece was praised by Engels as "Declaration of Independence of Natural Science". The scientific Copernicus-Heliocentrism system he created in his book reveals that the earth is by no means the center of the world, but an ordinary planet around the sun. It is this that broke through the theological dogma of the Middle Ages, fundamentally changed people's concept of the universe, and caused a great revolution in natural science. Therefore, astronomy took the lead in stepping into the door of modern science.

Edit this passage Shakespeare

Shakespeare (W. Shakespeare

William shakespeare; 1564~ 16 16), a great playwright and poet in the English Renaissance, was born in Stratford, Warwickshire, England on April 23rd, 564. His representative works are Hamlet and Ollette. Four comedies: Twelfth Night, A Midsummer Night's Dream, Merchant of Venice, Much ado about nothing (called Happiness in the textbook of People's Education Edition), Historical Drama, Henry IV, Henry V and Richard II. There is also the love novel of the famous tragicomedy Romeo and Juliet. He also wrote 154 sonnets and three or four long poems. He is the "father of English drama", ben jones called him "the soul of the times" and Marx called him "one of the greatest geniuses of mankind". Known as "Zeus on Mount Olympus in human literature". Although Shakespeare writes only in English, he is a world-famous writer. Most of his works have been translated into many languages, and his plays have been staged in many countries. 1665438+ died on May 3, 2006 (April 23, Gregorian calendar). The first issue (1590~ 1600) is mainly about writing historical dramas and comedies, including 9 historical dramas, 2 comedies and 2 tragedies. The second issue (160 1~ 1607) is mainly about tragedies, with three Roman plays, five tragedies and three "black comedies" or "problem plays". The tragicomedy or legendary drama in the third issue (1608~ 16 13) tends to compromise and fantasy. According to statistics, Shakespeare used more than 20 thousand words. It widely uses folk languages (such as folk songs, slang, old proverbs and humorous sketches). ), paying attention to absorbing foreign words, and using metaphors, metaphors and puns extensively, can be described as the masterpiece of English at that time. Many sentences in Shakespeare's plays have become idioms, allusions and aphorisms in modern English. Relatively speaking, his early plays like to use gorgeous and sonorous words; The later mature works are more handy, which can not only vividly express the characteristics of different characters in rich and varied languages, but also convey exciting feelings and thoughts in simple and natural words. He also left many classic sayings handed down from generation to generation, and now the most commonly used one is: to be or not to be, that is a question. To be or not to be, this is a question worth thinking about. )