(Anhui Geological Society)
Modern geological science was founded in China after the middle of19th century. Since modern times, more than 100 foreign scientists have conducted geological surveys in China. Robert Fortune, an English horticulturist, was the first person to come to Anhui for geological survey. In June, I visited Songluoshan tea area in Xiuning County, southern Anhui Province 1848 1 1. During the period from 1848 to 1948 100 before the founding of new China, Chinese and foreign geologists left nearly 100 geological survey reports and 120 geological documents in Laiwu province.
I. History of Modern Geological Work in Anhui
The history of modern geological work in Anhui can be divided into four stages: the first stage is 1848 to 1926, the second stage is 1927 to 1937, and the second stage is 1938 to 1945.
1. the first stage (1848 ~ 1926)
At first, foreign geologists (from the United States, Britain, German and Japanese) took the lead, followed by China geologists, and conducted route geological survey in this province. Stratigraphic paleontology has been preliminarily divided, and investigations have been carried out in Tongling, Dangtu, Fanchang Iron Mine, Huainan and Huaibei Coal Mines.
In the early days, American geologist Raphael Pumpelly and British geologist T.W.Kingsmill participated in the geological survey in Anhui Province. They visited the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 1863 and 1869 respectively.
Richthofen (1833 ~ 1905), a famous German geological geographer, should be a foreign geologist preserved in Anhui geological literature. China, his masterpiece, records the results of his three geological expeditions along the Yangtze River and in southern Anhui from February 65438 to July1871year. Li first sailed from Jiujiang to Nanjing in February 1869, passing through the banks of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, and made an investigation record of all the places he passed along the way. The second time was from Jingdezhen to Qimen in June of 10, and the third time was from Jin Dong and Qingyijiang to Wuhu in July of 187 1 0, passing through Ningguo and Jingxian. At the same time, four coal mines including Shuidong in Xuancheng and Shantou Mountain in Guichi were investigated. About half of Li's investigation records are geological, such as lithologic occurrence and structure of rock strata, and he draws cross-sections and intuitive sketches; The other half is geography, customs, human feelings and travel experience. The strata described at that time were only lithology (rock name), and there was no division of geological age. For example, the Datong Formation in Tongling refers to all the red gravel strata in southern Anhui. In particular, he speculated that "the Yangtze River may pass along an important fault line."
The earliest Japanese who came to our province for geological survey was Noda (Noda Seijiro). He made two route surveys in Anhui Province: the first time was from April 26th to May 6th, 2005, from Wuhan to Anqing, 1965438. The local geological map of Hubei-Anhui border (1110,000) only includes metamorphic rocks, water rocks and igneous rocks. Anqing layer is composed of limestone, clay rock and sandstone. And describe that Hongzhen Town in Anqing is granite. The second time I crossed the south of Anhui and investigated Guichi, Dongzhi and other counties. He divided the water rock into four layers: Qimen, Likou, Mangenzeng (between Qimen in Guichi) and Jiande (around Gegong Town).
Dangtu, Fanchang and Tongling iron mines are the earliest mining areas in Anhui Province to carry out geological survey. 19 12 years, Zhang (one of the founders of geology in China) and sorgue (German miner) investigated Nanshan Iron Mine in Maanshan. Fanchang iron mine was inspected on 19 13. 1913 ~1915 years, Zhang, Suoge, Zhang and others came to Tongguanshan successively to inspect the iron mine. 1965438+In February 2007, British F.R.Tegengren, a national mining consultant, went to Tongguan Mountain to inspect iron ore. According to the investigation data of Zhang's predecessors and his own investigation, he estimated the reserves of Tongguanshan iron mine to be 3 192900t. In the same year, Ding Gelan investigated Dangtu Da 'aoshan Iron Mine. The results of the two investigations were published in geological documents such as iron ore records in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 19 18, German Bi Xiangxian discovered six iron mines in Dangtu area, including Lao Laoshan, Huangmeishan and Longjiashan, with estimated iron ore reserves of less than 2 million tons.
The earliest survey of northern Anhui by Chinese geologists began at 19 17. Liu and Zhao Rujun were sent to northern Anhui for geological and mineral survey, and the Cambrian strata were first divided. They made a geological map of11.50000 mining area when investigating Lieshan in Su County, Shungeng Mountain in Huaiyuan County and Jixianguan coalfield in Huaining County. In the geological sketch of Huoshan Mountain in Lu 'an (1/200,000), the rock strata are divided into four types: alluvium, red sandstone, porphyry sandstone and crystalline schist.
In the Geological Report of Northern Jiangsu and Northern Anhui, Liu and Zhao Erjun also studied metamorphic rocks in Dabie Mountain in western Anhui, pointing out that there are crystalline schists "south of Huoshan and west of Heishidu", which are "normal gneiss" south of Longjing.
1922, Li Jiefeng was sent to the Huaihe River Basin in northern Anhui (north of 22 N) to investigate geology and mineral resources. Following 1923, Zhao (Lantian, Shaanxi, 1898 ~ 1934) also visited our province and wrote the Geological Survey of Huaiyuan, Fengyang. The geological survey results in northern Anhui were later compiled as Geological Map of Kaifeng, Nanjing (edited by Li Jie, published by1110,000, 1929). ) 1923 (Republic of China 12), Anhui Provincial Department of Industry borrowed Ye, a technician, and Li Jie, an investigator from the Geological Survey Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Mines, and planned to carry out geological survey in the whole province. 1926, sent Tian Qixin to participate. During the period from 1923 to 1926, the three of them successively completed Qiupu, Guichi, Qimen, yi county, Taiping, Shexian, Jixi, Xiuning, Wuyuan, Shidai, Xuancheng, Jingxian, Nanling, Tongling, Wuhu, Fanchang, langxi and Tongling. His book "Investigation of Geological Diary in Anhui Province" was published in Anhui Industrial Daily in the form of a briefing. The investigation content is divided into two parts: geological survey and mineral resources. In the geological part, strata are divided into strata, such as Devonian strata and Carboniferous limestone strata. At that time, the division of strata was mainly based on lithology, and the collected fossils changed from time to time after being identified by paleontologists. Strata with undetermined geological age are sometimes named after place names. For example, there are large areas (5400km2) of red sandstone and sandy shale in Qishan formation of Yuting in Yixian County and Qiyun Mountain in Xiuning County. The mineral part of the briefing includes traffic location, topography, ore body shape, scale, surrounding rock and development and utilization.
Around the 1920s, domestic geologists who came to our province for geological survey mainly included Ding Wenjiang, Li Siguang, Ye and Wang Zhuquan. 19 16 At the beginning of this year, Ding Wenjiang conducted a geological survey in southern Anhui and western Zhejiang. 19 19 Ding Wenjiang and Fu Zeng investigated the geology of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River east of Wuhu and compiled a special report. During 1922, Li Siguang studied the unconformity contact relationship of Cambrian Ordovician limestone in northern Anhui in Huainan. 1923, Liu and others went to Lieshan to drill 13 hole again, and calculated 35 million tons of coal. During the period of 1924, Wang Zhuquan investigated the geology in the southwest of Huaiyuan County and the coalfields of Susong, Taihu and Anqing. He visited the southwest of Huaiyuan County, and estimated that there are 7 coal-bearing strata, and the coal reserves in the whole region are about 60.2 million tons. Ye Zai 1925 and Ye Zai 1926 published "Study on diorite in contact with iron ore belt" and "Classification and genesis of iron ore in southern Anhui" were both read out at the third and fourth annual meetings in geological society of china, showing the high-level research results at that time.
2. The second stage (1927 ~ 1937)
Famous geologists in China continue to carry out basic geological survey and mineral exploration along the Yangtze River and southern Anhui. During this period, the level of geological science was obviously improved, the methods and means were also updated, and some scientific research achievements appeared, with the focus on glaciers and orogeny in southern Anhui.
It can be explained that the geological survey in Anhui is prosperous: at that time 19, among the 20 reports of the Institute of Geology of Academia Sinica, 6 were actually the survey results in Anhui. For example, Meng Xianmin and Zhang Geng investigated Wuhu, Fanchang and Tongling, Liu Zuyi investigated Guichi and Meng Xianmin investigated Xuancheng Shuidong. Li Yuyao and Li Jie's Geological Records of Southern Anhui summarized the geological achievements of Tongling, Qingyang, Shidai, Taiping, Shexian, Xiuning and yi county. In addition, in 1929, Zhu Sen and Li Jie investigated Hexian and Hanshan, and Wang Hengsheng investigated Xuancheng Shuidong coalfield.
A number of new achievements have also been made in basic geological research. For example, Li Yuyao and Jeff studied the geological history and orogeny in southern Anhui. 193 1 year, Zhu Sen's research on the late Paleozoic orogeny in southern Anhui shows that there is obvious unconformity between the Permian Longtan Formation and the Gufeng Formation in Guichi. Ruan Weizhou (1937) studied the Hercynian movement in southern Anhui. Jeff (1930) published a preliminary study on graptolite fossils in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. He found that the highest graptolite layer in China was dominated by the Chinese one-headed dragon in Taiping County, and its stratum was named Taiping Shale, belonging to the Middle Silurian. Xu Keqin (1934) investigated the geological conditions in the north of Chao County. Li Siguang inspected the Quaternary glaciers in Jiuhuashan (1934) and Huangshan (1936), which provided strong evidence for demonstrating the existence of Quaternary glaciers in eastern China. The geology around Jiuhua Mountain was also investigated by Wang Hengsheng and Sun Jianchu (1937).
The achievements of basic geology in this period are outstanding in the strata. For example, in l935, Li Yuyao and Jeff discovered "Xiuning sandstone" in southern Anhui, which confirmed the existence of moraine. In the same year, when Yi Ding made a geological survey between Tongling and Xiuning, the Sinian system was divided into upper, middle and lower parts. Subsequently, Li Yuyao and Jeff officially named the moraine as Lantian moraine layer, and named the original "shale limestone series" as "Xiuning series", belonging to the Sinian Cambrian system. Lantian moraine was renamed Lantian Formation, which has been in use ever since.
There are also many achievements in mineral geological exploration. From 193 1 to 1933, Xie, Sun Jianchu, Chen Kai, Cheng, Zhang Geng from the Central Geological Survey visited Dangtu and Tongguanshan successively for iron ore investigation. In 1928 and 1933, Weng made two geological surveys in Lieshan Coal Mine in Su County, and conducted a general survey of boreholes. 1933, Ji Rongsen investigated Niutoushan Coal Mine in Guangde. 1935, Ji Rongsen edited Geology and Minerals between Anhui and Zhejiang. In the same year, Cheng inspected Lujiang alunite mine. 1936, nanyanzong investigated guangshan antimony mine in xiuning county. During the period from1927 to1930, in order to strengthen mining development, the Anhui Provincial Construction Department revised the regulations on official mines and formulated mining and prospecting methods. 1928 set up mineral exploration department, and purchased M-3 calyx drilling rig to drill in Shuidong coalfield of Xuancheng. 1929 A mining investigation team was set up to investigate the mining industry in Xuancheng, Jingxian, Ningguo, Wuhu, Dangtu, Fanchang, Tongling and Qingyang, which was the beginning of the official mineral exploration by local forces in Anhui Province.
New technologies and fields of geological exploration were also applied in this period. Yi Ding's "Preliminary Test of Dangtu Electrical Prospecting" was published in 1936, which is the earliest document of geophysical exploration in China. 1937, Zhang Wenyou published "Nvshan Crater in Xuyi County, Anhui Province", which created a clue for the study of ancient volcanoes in this province.
3. The third stage (1938 ~ 1945)
During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, only a few domestic geologists had been to this province. In order to plunder mineral resources, the Japanese invaders conducted geological surveys along the Yangtze River and parts of northern Anhui, using drilling and geophysical exploration methods, leaving some incomplete geological data. However, two geological prospecting events that shocked China and foreign countries occurred during this period.
Anhui fell from 1938. There are three known geological survey activities in the province: 1938, and Huang came to Ningguo Port to investigate coal mines. 1940, while investigating Xuancheng Shuidong Coal Mine. 1945, Yu Deyuan published "The Main Orogenic Movement of Huaiyang Mountains-Huaiyang Movement".
After the war of aggression against China, in order to plunder and exploit minerals, the main units sent by the Japanese army to our province for geological survey are: Manchuria Railway Survey Department, Xingyayuan, Huazhong Mining Co., Ltd. and Shanghai Institute of Natural Science. The main geological personnel are: Kamiyama Masaichi, Kim Jong-won, Kobayashi Ye Fu, Murakami Saburo, Fukushima Maoxiong and Shinoda Xiaosan. They left over 80 mineral exploration reports. The iron, copper, coal, gold, silver and lead minerals in Tongling, Dangtu, Fanchang, Suxian, Chuxian, Quanjiao, Anqing, Guichi, Huainan and Huaiyuan were mainly investigated. The key points are Tongguanshan iron and copper mine, Maanshan, Dangtu, Fanchang iron mine and Huainan coal mine. In these mining areas, in addition to large-scale geological mapping methods, drilling methods are also used to calculate reserves according to drilling results. In addition, geophysical prospecting (mainly electrical prospecting) has also been carried out in Tongling, Dangtu and Poshankou copper mining areas in Chu County to detect copper sulfide and copper deposits. At present, there are more than 100 geological data in Japan, including iron, coal, copper, lead, zinc, gold, manganese, phosphorus, pyrite, barite and other minerals 10.
1in the autumn of 939, Japan's Kamiyama Changyi followed the invading army to investigate the surface of Tongguan Mountain and has been mining Tongguan Mountain as an iron mine. Later, high copper content (0.5%) was found in ore samples shipped back to China, which attracted attention and plundered copper mines. This matter is rumored to be "the resurrection of Tongguan Mountain".
4. The fourth stage (1946 ~ 1948)
During this period, only a few geologists came to work in Anhui, and the outstanding achievements were the new discoveries of Bagongshan coalfield and Fengtai phosphate mine in Huainan. Geomechanics began to be applied in our province.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Xie of the Mineral Exploration Department of the former Resources Committee, according to the Kaifeng Map of China Million Geological Map compiled by Li Jie 1926, speculated that there might be coal seams under the front slope plain of Bagong Mountain in Huainan. Later, Xie, Yan Shutan and Chai Dengbang discovered the Carboniferous limestone of Taiyuan Formation at the foot of Bagong Mountain, and further speculated that there should be coal seams. 1946, it is confirmed by drilling that there are 24 layers of coal, and the thickness of minable seam is 25m. Huainan New Coalfield, which has passed through "discerning eyes and knowing treasures", has received rave reviews for a time. Since its exploitation, it has become a much-told story in China's prospecting history.
As early as the summer of 1939, Japanese geologist Mr. Sakata and others put forward the term "Great Huainan Basin" in the Investigation Report of Shungeng Mountain Coalfield in Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province, and delineated the general area. 1September, 942, Saburo Shimakura, a researcher at Shanghai Institute of Natural Sciences, also thought that "the syncline structure in Huainan coalfield is becoming more and more obvious" in the Survey Summary of Dongshan Area in Huainan coalfield. But at that time, the Japanese paid too much attention to finding coal in Shungeng Mountain, but not enough attention to the area west of Dongshan and the wider area.
1946 In the second half of the year, after Xie discovered a new coal field in Bagongshan, in July of the following year, he quickly submitted an interim report on coal exploration and wrote an article entitled "How to Discover a New Coal Field". During the period of 1947, at the 23rd annual academic conference of geological society of china held in Taiwan Province Province, Chairman Xie made a special report on "Paleogeographic research is a compass for prospecting". In the previous report (later published in the fifth issue of Geological Review, Volume 12), the word "Great Huainan Basin" has appeared in the title of the article. And its scope is defined as: "It refers to Fengtai County in Huaiyuan, with Shungeng Mountain and Bagong Mountain in the south, Longming Mountain in the north, and Huaihe Plain surrounded by Shangyao Wudian in the east." "Generally speaking, this basin is rectangular from northwest to southeast, with the distance from north to south ranging from 10 ~ 20km, and the east and west are mountain-shaped. It is still difficult to determine whether it is surrounded by structures. If you use the distance from Fengtai to Jiulonggang, the length of this basin is at least 50 kilometers. "
The clear establishment of the concept of "Great Huainan Basin", as a structural unit of a coalfield geological area, is undoubtedly a leap in the understanding of Huainan coalfield and has made great contributions. 1952, after the establishment of the professional geological team of coalfields, the general survey and exploration of coalfields were mainly carried out along the framework of confirming and expanding the "Great Huainan Basin". For decades, the extension of "Great Huainan Basin" has been continuously expanded, and now it has been extended to the vast area from Dingyuan in the east to Fuyang in the west. More than a dozen large-scale mining areas have been found in it, which shows its large scale.
1947 ~ 1948, Xie, Che Shuzheng discovered the phosphorite layer at the bottom of Cambrian in Fengtai and drilled it in 1948. In addition, Shen, Yang Boquan, Dong Nanting, Liu Zhiyuan, etc. continued to investigate Huaiyuan Datong, Xuancheng, Ningguo and Jingxian coalfields. From 65438 to 0947, Han Jingui conducted geological and mineral surveys between Huaiyuan and Fengyang.
The main achievements in basic geology in this period are as follows: (1) Xu Zai 1948 published two articles, discussing the phenomenon that Huaiyang arc ridge is connected with the east-west structural belt in Changshan area of western Anhui, and began to study the geological structure of our province from the viewpoint of geomechanics of Li Siguang. In addition, in 1948, Yu Deyuan published "Ice Gravel Mud and Its Terrain at the Southern Foothill of Dabie Mountain" (Series 8 of Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), and found and demonstrated the Quaternary glacial remains in Dabie Mountain.
Second, the historical characteristics of modern geological work in Anhui
Throughout the history of modern geological work in Anhui Province from 65438 to 000, we can summarize the following characteristics:
1) The process of geological work history reflects the deepening and improvement process of geological science and technology development in Anhui Province from primary to advanced, from rough to fine.
The geological survey of Chinese and foreign geologists in Anhui Province is a geographical-geological survey at first, and the content is often about half of geography (including physical geography, economic geography and geomorphology), and then the geographical part is gradually subtracted to become a real geological survey. At first, it was mostly a large-scale and inter-provincial route survey, and the scale was very small (1110,000 ~1/20,000). The geological map is only a rough division of lithology (rock), and then there will be a division of strata and a sign of geological structure, and the description and record of words are relatively simple. Later, the geological survey of mining area was large in scale and detailed in content. Strata are divided by period (series), and the names of rocks and geological structures are also divided respectively.
In terms of methods and means, at first, we observed and measured with the naked eye, telescope, magnifying glass and compass, and made intuitive sketches and profiles; Later, microscopes, chemical analysis, drilling machines and physical exploration instruments were used. The methods and means of mineral exploration are also to calculate reserves through surface observation, block sampling, actual measurement or estimation of ore body shape, and then to calculate reserves according to drilling to delineate ore bodies.
2) In geological work, the investigation and exploration of mineral resources occupy a large proportion, which shows its practicality and close relationship with economic construction.
The geological work before the founding of New China is generally called geological survey. It includes regional geological survey and mine geological survey. Even in the regional geological survey report, there are quite a few contents about mineral survey. As for the geological survey of the mining area, it serves the development and production of the mining area and is directly related to economic construction. Only because of the limitation of technical methods and equipment conditions at that time, the distribution, quality and genesis of minerals are rarely described in geological reports (data). Some reserves in mining areas have not been calculated, and some have been calculated, but the figures are low. For example, the Tongguanshan iron mine, after many calculations, did not exceed 5 million tons. Although I discovered copper mine in Japan later, it is estimated that the copper mine is only 5.08 million tons (calculated by copper grade 1% ~ 2%). The reserves of iron ore and Huainan coal mine in Maanshan area are very small, which can't be compared with the huge reserves proved after the founding of New China.
Among more than 200 geological reports, papers and monographs, 140 articles are the results of investigation and research on minerals, accounting for about 70% of all geological documents before the founding of New China, which shows that the focus of geological work at that time was minerals.
Among more than 65,438+000 kinds of geological documents, more than 65,438+000 kinds of catalogue names can be found, half of which are in Chinese and half in Japanese. In addition, more than 20 regional geological documents also contain minerals. Of course, Japan's resource survey is for the needs of plunder and war, but some information is for our use.
3) In the prosperous period of the second stage, a number of stratigraphic eras were divided, and a number of scientific research achievements appeared, which had a far-reaching impact at home and abroad.
Stratigraphic division is the most basic and important work in geological survey. Around 1930s, the most famous geologist in China came to Anhui Province to investigate and name or re-divide the strata.
During this period, Li Yuyao and Xu Jie's contribution to the Sinian sequence and moraine layer in southern Anhui, the orogeny in southern Anhui, and Xu Jie's division and naming of Ordovician strata were all important scientific research achievements in China, which had a far-reaching impact on later generations.
In addition, Xie's research on Tongguanshan iron deposit (included in the album Iron Ore Records in the Lower Yangtze River) and Li Siguang's research on Quaternary ancient glaciers in Huangshan and Jiuhuashan all showed the highest level in China at that time, which had a great influence on later generations.
4) Although the amount of geological data and documents accumulated before the founding of New China is small, it provides a certain foundation for later geological work and proves the important role of geological work and geological science inheritance.
One of the characteristics of geological work and geological science is inheritance, that is, attaching importance to inheriting the achievements of predecessors. Before the founding of New China, there were more than 200 geological reports, papers and materials, some of which were incomplete. However, it still has important reference value for geological exploration after the founding of New China, especially in 1950s and 1960s.
Copper mines in Tongling area, iron mines in Maanshan area, Zhahe coalfield in northern Anhui and Huainan coalfield have huge reserves, all of which were proved after the founding of New China. However, the geological work in these mining areas has a long history, and the information is constantly accumulating, and the understanding is constantly deepening and leaping, so that sudden changes can occur. Xie discovered the new Huainan Bagongshan coalfield in 1946, and put forward a new concept of "Great Huainan Basin" in 1947. After the founding of New China, the scope and reserves of Huainan coalfield have been expanding on the basis of his new concept. The whole discovery process of Zhahe coalfield in northern Anhui can be traced back to Liu and Zhao Rujun's investigation of Lieshan Coal Mine in 19 17 (geological report 1 report) and their re-investigation in Weng in 1928, and they drew1/kloc-0. According to Yan Kunyuan, the chief engineer of the former Provincial Geological Bureau, when 1955 arranged 325 teams to survey for coal, it was mainly based on Weng's geological data, and later Zhahe coalfield was discovered. In the past, the data of these four Dacheng mining areas in the province were only "points", but later they developed from "points" to "areas", and the scope of mining areas expanded from known to unknown, and new mining areas were found in the periphery (table 1).
Table 1 1948 A Brief History of Stratigraphic Naming in Anhui Province
sequential
Note: ① names of strata used inside and outside the province.
Liu He and Zhao Rujun (19 19) conducted coalfield geological surveys in Lieshan, Suzhou City and Shungeng Mountain, Huainan City, and divided the coal-bearing strata into Carboniferous and Northern.
Wang Zhuquan (1924), Weng Wenhao and Ji Rongsen (1923) found plant fossils in the above areas respectively, which confirmed that the coal measures belonged to Carboniferous-Permian.