Britain: the first industrial revolution and capitalist revolution;

Netherlands: institutional innovation of capitalist industry and commerce (company and shareholding system), prosperity of shipbuilding industry;

France: The French Revolution led to a series of ideological opening (this is the first trend in France, but personal feeling is not the source of France's prosperity. Its prosperity or glory is due to the historical contribution of the industrial revolution and the military achievements of the political strongman Napoleon);

Germany: the military unification of Germany and the beginning of the second industrial revolution;

Japan: Meiji Restoration, learning from the West and catching up with the Western trend;

Soviet Russia: Peter the Great learned from the West, Lenin engaged in socialist production, and eventually fell apart because of institutional problems;

America: At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, a complete system was built, and the second industrial revolution and the third scientific and technological revolution began at the same time as Germany. Its unique geographical position also saved it from the European war, and it rose rapidly through two world wars, creating a global hegemony that is still booming today.