The Apollo manned moon landing project started in May of 196 1, and the first moon landing is expected to be realized from July 20th to February1. Since then, the United States has launched Apollo spacecraft six times, five of which were successful, and a total of 12 astronauts landed on the moon. The whole project lasted about 1 1 year and ended in197265438+February, costing 25.5 billion dollars.

The first step of the project is to determine the moon landing plan, including demonstrating the flight orbit of the spacecraft to the moon and determining the overall layout of the manned spacecraft. Finally, the lunar orbit rendezvous scheme is selected, and the overall layout of the spacecraft consisting of command module, service module and lunar module is determined accordingly.

In order to realize manned landing on the moon, the United States first implemented four auxiliary plans, namely, launching nine "rover" lunar orbiters from 196 1 to 1965 to understand the possibility of Apollo spacecraft landing on the moon in the future. Five Explorer lunar landers were launched from 1966 to 1968 to understand the physical and chemical characteristics of lunar soil.

Three lunar orbiters were launched from 1966 to 1967, and more than 40 pre-selected landing sites were observed in detail, thus 10 landing sites were selected. From 1965 to 1966, 10 Gemini spacecraft was launched for biomedical research and spacecraft maneuvering flight, docking and extravehicular activity training. The third aspect of "Apollo" plan is to develop Saturn V carrier rocket with high thrust and low orbital carrying capacity of 1.27 tons.

The development of Apollo spacecraft is the "highlight" of the project. The command module of the spacecraft is the place where astronauts live and work, and it is also the control center of the whole spacecraft. The service cabin is equipped with host computer and other systems; The lunar module consists of a descending stage and an ascending stage.

The first manned moon landing was completed by Apollo 1 1. At that time, there were three astronauts on board. When the spacecraft was separated from the third stage of Saturn V rocket, it began to approach the moon after flying in the transitional orbit for 2.5 days. At this time, the main engine of the spacecraft service module slowed down, making the spacecraft enter the orbit around the moon.

Then, two astronauts entered the lunar module and drove it away from the spacecraft. At this time, one astronaut in the command module of the spacecraft continued to fly around the moon, while the other two astronauts landed on the surface of the moon in the lunar module. After landing on the moon, astronauts collected rocks and soil (22kg), deployed solar cell arrays and installed lunar seismographs. After the mission was completed, they returned to the lunar orbit by upgrading the lunar module, docked with the spacecraft, and finally returned to Earth.

From1969165438+10 to1972 65438+February, the United States successively launched the Apollo 12 to 17 spacecraft, among which "Apollo/.

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Neil armstrong (Apollo 1 1) was the first American astronaut to land on the moon. He used to be an astronaut, test pilot and naval pilot of NASA, and was famous for being the first human to set foot on the moon by carrying out the first manned spaceship Apollo 1 1. Neil armstrong's first space mission was 1966, the commander of Gemini 8.

In this mission, he and David Scott completed the first docking of the spacecraft. Armstrong's second and last space mission was the famous Apollo 1 1 in July, 0969. In this "great leap of mankind", Armstrong and buzz aldrin walked on the surface of the moon for two and a half hours (Michael john collins flew around the moon in the command module).

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